Breast cancer is the leading cancer among women in C？te d’Ivoire. The majority of studies on female cancer in C？te d’Ivoire have been carried out in Abidjan, the country’s economic capital. Existing studies do not include aspects related to the use of hormonal contraceptives or the BIRADS classification in the Gbêkê region, whose capital city is Bouaké. The aim of the work was to determine the epidemiological, radiological and histopathological features of female breast cancer in Bouaké. This cross-sectional study was carried out over a period of 16 months (September 2023-January 2025). The patients came from the five screening and management sites for breast pathologies in the Gbêkê region. These sites were supported by the gynecology, medical oncology, radiology and pathology services of the Teaching Hospital of Bouaké. The study population consisted of 43 patients with breast cancer. The average age was 43.8 ± 11.0 with extremes at 24 and 71 years. The participants were predominantly multiparous (62.8%) and premenopausal (72.1%) women. Nearly half of them were unemployed (46.5%). The frequency of contraceptive use was 9.3%. The radiological data were used to classify breast tumors according to the Breast Imaging Reporting And Data System (BIRADS). The BIRADS 4 group was widely encountered in these patients (79.1%), followed by BIRADS 5 group (20.9%). The histopathological examination revealed a predominance of non-specific infiltrating carcinomas (95.3%). However, these carcinomas were not statistically related to the menopausal status (p = 0.368) of the affected women. The creation of a cancer institute with specialized units in Bouaké would improve patient care.
References
[1]
Effi, A.B., Koffi, K.E., Aman, N.A., Doukouré, B., N’dah, K.J., Koffi, K.D., et al. (2013) Épidémiologie descriptive des cancers en Côte d’Ivoire. BulletinduCancer, 100, 119-125. https://doi.org/10.1684/bdc.2013.1695
[2]
Bray, F., Laversanne, M., Sung, H., Ferlay, J., Siegel, R.L., Soerjomataram, I., et al. (2024) Global Cancer Statistics 2022: GLOBOCAN Estimates of Incidence and Mortality Worldwide for 36 Cancers in 185 Countries. CA: ACancerJournalforClinicians, 74, 229-263. https://doi.org/10.3322/caac.21834
[3]
Sancho-Garnier, H. and Colonna, M. (2019) Épidémiologie des cancers du sein. La Presse Médicale, 48, 1076-1084. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lpm.2019.09.022
[4]
Organisation Mondiale de la Santé (2024) Cancer du Sein. https://www.who.int/fr/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/breast-cancer
[5]
Toure, M., Nguessan, E., Bambara, A.T., Kouassi, Y.K.K., Dia, J.M.L. and Adoubi, I. (2013) Facteurs liés au diagnostic tardif des cancers du sein en Afrique-sub-saharienne: Cas de la Côte d’Ivoire. Gynécologie Obstétrique & Fertilité, 41, 696-700. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gyobfe.2013.08.019
[6]
Jeannin, M. (2022) Plus on vient consulter tôt, meilleur est le pronostic: En Côte d’Ivoire, la difficile lutte contre le cancer sein. https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2022/10/18/plus-on-vient-consulter-tot-meilleur-est-lepronostic-en-cote-d-ivoire-la-difficile-lutte-contre-le-cancer-du-sein_6146296_3212.html
[7]
Barańska, A., Dolar-Szczasny, J., Kanadys, W., Kinik, W., Ceglarska, D., Religioni, U., et al. (2022) Oral Contraceptive Use and Breast Cancer Risk According to Molecular Subtypes Status: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Case-Control Studies. Cancers, 14, Article No. 574. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers14030574
[8]
Brisken, C., Hess, K. and Jeitziner, R. (2015) Progesterone and Overlooked Endocrine Pathways in Breast Cancer Pathogenesis. Endocrinology, 156, 3442-3450. https://doi.org/10.1210/en.2015-1392
[9]
Gompel, A. (2019) Hormones et cancers du sein. La Presse Médicale, 48, 1085-1091. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lpm.2019.09.021
[10]
Kashyap, D., Garg, V.K., Sandberg, E.N., Goel, N. and Bishayee, A. (2021) Oncogenic and Tumor Suppressive Components of the Cell Cycle in Breast Cancer Progression and Prognosis. Pharmaceutics, 13, Article No. 569. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics13040569
[11]
Recensement général de la population et de l’habitat. https://www.plan.gouv.ci/assets/fichier/RGPH2021-RESULTATS-GLOBAUX-VF.pdf
[12]
Didi-Kouko Coulibaly, J., Effi, A., Horo, G., Diabate, A., Mbra, K., Adoubi, I., Toure, M., Osseni, A. and Echimane, K.D. (2008) Prévalences des récepteurs hormonaux et HER2 dans le cancer du sein au sein du service de cancérologie du CHU de Treichville. Bulletin du Cancer, 95, 79-83.
[13]
Effi, A.B., Aman, N.A., Koui, B.S., Koffi, K.D., Traore, Z.C. and Kouyate, M. (2016) Breast Cancer Molecular Subtypes Defined by ER/PR and HER2 Status: Association with Clinicopathologic Parameters in Ivorian Patients. AsianPacificJournalofCancerPrevention, 17, 1973-1978. https://doi.org/10.7314/apjcp.2016.17.4.1973
[14]
Aka, E.K., Akani, B.C., Zoua, K.A.G., Coulibaly, D.K. and Apollinaire, H. (2023) Analyse du coût economique direct du cancer du sein en Côte d’ivoire en 2022. Revue Africaine des Sciences Sociales et de la Santé Publique, 5, 48-61.
[15]
Zaki, H.M., Garba-Bouda, O., Garba, S.M. and Nouhou, H. (2013) Profil épidémiologique et anatomopathologique du cancer du sein au Niger. AfricanJournalofCancer, 5, 185-191. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12558-013-0274-9
[16]
Somé, O., Bagué, A., Konkobo, D., et al. (2022) Breast Cancer in Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso: Management Outcomes. Oncologie, 24, 173-184. https://doi.org/10.32604/oncologie.2022.021250
[17]
Atangana, P.J., Tchenté Nguefack, C., Kabeyene Okono, A.C., et al. (2017) Aspects Immunohistochimiques des Cancers du Sein à Douala et Yaoundé. Health Sciences and Diseases, 18, 14-20.
[18]
Ferlay, J., Steliarova-Foucher, E., Lortet-Tieulent, J., Rosso, S., Coebergh, J.W.W., Comber, H., et al. (2013) Cancer Incidence and Mortality Patterns in Europe: Estimates for 40 Countries in 2012. EuropeanJournalofCancer, 49, 1374-1403. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejca.2012.12.027
[19]
Katsura, C., Ogunmwonyi, I., Kankam, H.K. and Saha, S. (2022) Breast Cancer: Presentation, Investigation and Management. BritishJournalofHospitalMedicine, 83, 1-7. https://doi.org/10.12968/hmed.2021.0459
[20]
Huo, D., Ikpatt, F., Khramtsov, A., Dangou, J., Nanda, R., Dignam, J., et al. (2009) Population Differences in Breast Cancer: Survey in Indigenous African Women Reveals Over-Representation of Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. JournalofClinicalOncology, 27, 4515-4521. https://doi.org/10.1200/jco.2008.19.6873
[21]
Seshie, B., Adu-Aryee, N.A., Dedey, F., Calys-Tagoe, B. and Clegg-Lamptey, J. (2015) A Retrospective Analysis of Breast Cancer Subtype Based on ER/PR and HER2 Status in Ghanaian Patients at the Korle Bu Teaching Hospital, Ghana. BMCClinicalPathology, 15, Article No. 14. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12907-015-0014-4
[22]
Pleasant, V. (2024) Gynecologic Care of Black Breast Cancer Survivors. Current BreastCancerReports, 16, 84-97. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12609-024-00527-4
[23]
Institut National de la Statistique (INS) (2012) Enquête Démographique et de Santé et à Indicateurs Multiples de Côte d’Ivoire 2011-2012. Institut National de la Statistique et ICF International, 512 p.
[24]
Family Planning (2020) Family Planning 2020. Côte d’Ivoire: Preneur d’engagement depuis 2012. https://equipop.org/publications/Factsheet_Equipop_FP2020.pdf
[25]
Coulibaly, M., Doukouré, D., Kouamé, J., Ayékoé, I.A., Mélèdje-Koumi, M., Malik, S., et al. (2020) Obstacles socioculturels liés à l’utilisation de la contraception moderne en Côte d’Ivoire. SantéPublique, 32, 389-397. https://doi.org/10.3917/spub.204.0389
[26]
Muanda, M.F., Ndongo, G.P., Messina, L.J. and Bertrand, J.T. (2017) Barriers to Modern Contraceptive Use in Rural Areas in DRC. Culture, Health&Sexuality, 19, 1011-1023. https://doi.org/10.1080/13691058.2017.1286690
[27]
Sebbani, M., Adarmouch, L., Azzahiri, I., Quiddi, W., Cherkaoui, M. and Amine, M. (2016) Connaissances et comportements au regard de la santé reproductive: Enquête chez les marocains en zone rurale. PanAfricanMedicalJournal, 25, Article No. 186. https://doi.org/10.11604/pamj.2016.25.186.9940
[28]
Nouhou, A.M. (2016) Liberté reproductive et recours à la contraception: Les influences religieuse et sociale au Niger. AfricanPopulationStudies, 30, 2614-2628. https://doi.org/10.11564/30-2-870
[29]
Gueye, A., Speizer, I.S., Corroon, M. and Okigbo, C.C. (2015) Belief in Family Planning Myths at the Individual and Community Levels and Modern Contraceptive Use in Urban Africa. InternationalPerspectivesonSexualandReproductiveHealth, 41, 191-199. https://doi.org/10.1363/4119115
[30]
Guennoun, A., Krimou, Y., Bouchikhi, C., Mamouni, N., Errarhay, S. and Banani, A. (2018) Corrélation radio-histologique des lésions mammaires ACR4: À propos de 181 cas et revue de la littérature. PanAfricanMedicalJournal, 29, Article No. 140. https://doi.org/10.11604/pamj.2018.29.140.13699
[31]
Luo, W., Huang, Q., Huang, X., Hu, H., Zeng, F. and Wang, W. (2019) Predicting Breast Cancer in Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS) Ultrasound Category 4 or 5 Lesions: A Nomogram Combining Radiomics and BI-RADS. ScientificReports, 9, Article No. 11921. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-48488-4
[32]
Togo, A., Traoré, A., Traoré, C., Dembélé, B.T., Kanté, L., Diakité, I., et al. (2010) Cancer du sein dans deux centres hospitaliers de Bamako (Mali): Aspects diagnostiques et thérapeutiques. AfricanJournalofCancer, 2, 88-91. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12558-010-0060-x
[33]
Touré, L.Y., Adde, O.B. and Karidjatou, T. (2024) Les Cancers du Sein à Bouake: Profil Épidémiologique et Anatomopathologique. HealthSciences and Disease, 25, 39-44.
[34]
Fouad, A., Yousra, A., Kaoutar, Z., Omar, E.M., Afaf, A. and Sanae, B. (2012) Molecular Classification of Breast Cancer in Morocco. Pan African Medical Journal, 13, Article No. 91.
[35]
Han, Y., Wang, J. and Xu, B. (2020) Clinicopathological Characteristics and Prognosis of Breast Cancer with Special Histological Types: A Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Database Analysis. TheBreast, 54, 114-120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.breast.2020.09.006
[36]
Hill, D.A., Friend, S., Lomo, L., Wiggins, C., Barry, M., Prossnitz, E., et al. (2018) Breast Cancer Survival, Survival Disparities, and Guideline-Based Treatment. BreastCancerResearchandTreatment, 170, 405-414. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10549-018-4761-7
[37]
Rahman, W.T. and Helvie, M.A. (2022) Breast Cancer Screening in Average and High-Risk Women. BestPractice&ResearchClinicalObstetrics&Gynaecology, 83, 3-14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2021.11.007
[38]
Dorgan, J.F., Stanczyk, F.Z., Kahle, L.L. and Brinton, L.A. (2010) Prospective Case-Control Study of Premenopausal Serum Estradiol and Testosterone Levels and Breast Cancer Risk. BreastCancerResearch, 12, R98. https://doi.org/10.1186/bcr2779
[39]
Endogenous Hormones and Breast Cancer Collaborative Group (2013) Sex Hormones and Breast Cancer Risk in Premenopausal Women: Collaborative Reanalysis of Seven Prospective Studies. The Lancet Oncology, 14, 1009-1019.
[40]
Fortner, R.T., Eliassen, A.H., Spiegelman, D., Willett, W.C., Barbieri, R.L. and Hankinson, S.E. (2013) Premenopausal Endogenous Steroid Hormones and Breast Cancer Risk: Results from the Nurses’ Health Study II. BreastCancerResearch, 15, R19. https://doi.org/10.1186/bcr3394
[41]
Arthur, R.S., Xue, X. and Rohan, T.E. (2020) Prediagnostic Circulating Levels of Sex Steroid Hormones and SHBG in Relation to Risk of Ductal Carcinoma inSitu of the Breast among UK Women. CancerEpidemiology, Biomarkers&Prevention, 29, 1058-1066. https://doi.org/10.1158/1055-9965.epi-19-1302
