智慧能否统一德性？——基于《斐多篇》和《理想国》
Can Wisdom Unify Virtue?—Grounded in Plato’s Phaedo and The Republic

《斐多篇》从整体性灵魂的视角研究人的德性问题，是研究柏拉图从前期到中期德性统一论过渡与发展的重要文本。埃尔文、赛德利、安娜斯、库珀则从不同的角度出发理解《理想国》中智慧和德性的关系。本文通过梳理四者的观点以及对《斐多篇》和《理想国》两篇文本的比对分析来继续思考智慧能否统一德性的问题。柏拉图突破了“德性即知识”的立场，为伦理德性留出空间，但他仍然认为伦理德性需要理智德性的引导才能成为真正的德性从而实现德性的统一。同时，在这一过程中他凸显了正义构建和谐稳定的秩序的重要作用。于是，对话中的苏格拉底劝诫：“让我们永远坚持走向上的路，追求正义和智慧。”
The Phaedo, as a work that precedes The Republic (or, rather, the proposal of a threefold division of the soul), can help us to understand the transition and development of Plato’s theory of the unity of virtue from the pre- to the mid-period. Irwin, David N. Sedley, Julia Annas and John M. Cooper approach the relationship between wisdom and virtue in the republic from different perspectives. This paper continues to consider the question of whether wisdom can unify virtue by combing the views of the four authors and analysing the texts of The Phaedo and The Republic. Plato breaks away from the position that “virtue is knowledge” and makes room for ethical virtue, but he still believes that ethical virtue needs the guidance of rational virtue in order to become true virtue and realise the unity of virtue. At the same time, in this process, he highlights the importance of justice as the full manifestation of wisdom and reason and the construction of a harmonious and stable order. Thus, Socrates in the dialogue exhorts: “Let us always persevere on the way up, in the pursuit of justice and wisdom.”