斯宾塞社会进化理论再探析
A Reanalysis of Spencer’s Theory of Social Evolution

斯宾塞以生物界的“适者生存”原则为基础，提出社会进化理论。他的社会进化理论，是对十九世纪西方社会科学的响应。其进化论思想集中反映在文明进步观中，文明进步观确定了斯宾塞社会进化理论的基本导向。他建构社会进化理论的方法，是把现实社会连续的进化过程，割裂为碎片化的片段，再将一个个片段重构为新的进化过程。这种方法建构起来的进化理论，名不副其实，是“伪进化论”。同时，对生命领域与无机物领域差异的忽视，对社会领域时间性的抽离，以及对自然界弱肉强食规则的机械运用，造成斯宾塞社会进化理论的困境。引柏格森的创造进化论思想，补斯宾塞社会进化理论之不足，则有望使斯宾塞理论为当今所用。
Spencer proposed the theory of social evolution based on the principle of “survival of the fittest” in the biological world. His theory of social evolution is a response to Western social science in the 19th century. His evolutionary thought is reflected in the view of civilization and progress, which determines the basic orientation of Spencer’s social evolution theory. His method of constructing the theory of social evolution is to split the continuous evolutionary process of real society into fragmented fragments and then reconstruct each fragment into a new evolutionary process. The theory of evolution constructed by this method is not worthy of its name. It is “pseudo-evolution”. At the same time, the neglect of the difference between the life field and the inorganic field, the separation of the time of the social field, and the mechanical application of the law of the jungle in nature cause the dilemma of Spencer’s social evolution theory. Citing Bergson’s theory of creation evolution and making up for Spencer’s theory of social evolution, it is hoped that Spencer’s theory can be used today.