The increasing global reliance on fossil fuels, coupled with the rapid growth of the global population, has exacerbated climate change, energy insecurity, and socio-economic instability. Fossil fuels dominate the current global energy mix, significantly contributing to greenhouse gas emissions, particularly CO2, which accelerates global warming. Additionally, the mismanagement of municipal solid waste, especially food waste, is a major environmental issue, contributing nearly 10% of global greenhouse gas emissions. Innovative solutions to mitigate waste and improve resource efficiency are urgently required. Biofuels, particularly bioethanol, produced from food waste, offer a promising alternative to fossil fuels. Bioethanol production from agricultural by-products and food waste, such as pineapple peel, apple pomace, and food waste, can reduce greenhouse gas emissions and promote sustainable energy. Anaerobic digestion and fermentation technologies convert organic waste into biogas and bioethanol, thus addressing both energy production and waste management challenges. Moreover, bioethanol blends, particularly E10 and E85, demonstrate significant reductions in harmful emissions, including nitrogen oxides (NOx), particulate matter, and hydrocarbons. However, challenges remain, including the efficient use of feedstocks, pre-treatment processes, and the environmental impact of by-products like vinasse. The development of infrastructure to support higher ethanol blends, especially in regions where flexible-fuel vehicles (FFVs) are not widely available, is another barrier to widespread adoption. Despite these challenges, bioethanol and biodiesel produced from waste materials offer a promising path toward sustainable energy, requiring continued research and development to overcome existing barriers and enhance production efficiency.
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