贵阳机场两次不同成因的强降水天气对比分析
Comparison of Two Different Causes of Heavy Precipitation Weather at Guiyang Airport

本文基于贵阳机场分钟级自动观测数据、ERA5再分析资料及多普勒雷达等数据，对2014年7月16日(天气尺度系统主导)和2021年5月13日(中尺度对流系统主导)两次强降水事件的成因及特征进行对比分析。研究发现：(1) 天气尺度强降水受高空槽、低涡系统、低空急流共同作用，表现为大范围持续性降水，累计雨量达164.4 mm，但极端短时雨强较弱；(2) 中尺度强降水由暖平流强迫、地面辐合线及中层弱冷平流共同触发，导致局地短时出现极端强降雨(最大分钟雨量2 mm，累计雨量超过90 mm)并伴随冰雹；(3) 两类降水在环流配置、水汽来源、动力条件及对流触发机制上差异显著：天气尺度降水依赖大尺度动力抬升，中尺度降水则受局地热力与边界层辐合驱动。研究揭示了高原复杂地形下不同尺度天气系统的降水机制差异，为航空气象精细化预报及灾害预警提供了科学依据。
Based on minute-level automatic observation data, ERA5 reanalysis data, and Doppler radar data from Guiyang Airport, this paper compares and analyzes the causes and characteristics of two heavy precipitation events on July 16, 2014 (dominated by a weather-scale system) and May 13, 2021 (dominated by a mesoscale convective system). The study finds: (1) Weather-scale heavy precipitation is caused by the joint action of upper-level troughs, low-vortex systems, and low-level jet streams, resulting in large-scale and persistent precipitation with a cumulative rainfall of 164.4 mm, but weak extreme short-term rainfall intensity; (2) Mesoscale heavy precipitation is triggered by the combined effects of warm advection, surface convergence lines, and weak cold advection in the middle layer, leading to local short-term extreme heavy rainfall (maximum minute rainfall of 2 mm, cumulative rainfall exceeding 90 mm) accompanied by hail; (3) The two types of precipitation differ significantly in terms of circulation patterns, moisture sources, dynamic conditions, and convection triggering mechanisms: weather-scale precipitation relies on large-scale dynamic lifting, while mesoscale precipitation is driven by local thermal and boundary layer convergence. The study reveals the differences in precipitation mechanisms of different scale weather systems in complex terrain, providing a scientific basis for fine-scale forecasting of aviation meteorology and disaster warning.