|
|
苦荞活性成分及功能研究进展
|
Abstract:
苦荞麦，俗称苦荞，学名鞑靼荞麦(Fagopyrum tataricum)，属于蓼科荞麦属(Fagopyrum)。是一种起源于我国的重要杂粮作物，至今已有2000余年的栽培历史。由于其多种生物活性化合物，其研究被广泛关注。本文综述了苦荞内化合物的研究进展、苦荞内化合物的生物活性研究进展。重点阐述了苦荞内化合物的研究进展和苦荞化合物的生物活性。详细列举了苦荞中已发现的多种化合物种类，如黄酮类、酚酸类、二苯乙烯类等，并提及了各类化合物的代表性例子。对苦荞化合物的生物活性进行了综述，涵盖了抗肿瘤、抗氧化、抗炎、降低血糖、抗菌、调节血压、改善血脂和保护肝脏等八个方面，详细论述了相关研究发现及作用机制，为苦荞在医药和食品工业中的进一步开发和应用提供了依据。
Tartary buckwheat, commonly known as bitter buckwheat and scientifically termed Fagopyrum tataricum (L.) Gaertn., belongs to the genus Fagopyrum in the Polygonaceae family. Originating in China, it is an important coarse cereal crop with a cultivation history spanning over 2000 years. Extensive research interest has been drawn to its diverse bioactive compounds. This paper reviews recent advances in the study of compounds derived from Tartary buckwheat and their biological activities. It focuses on the identification of various compound categories, such as flavonoids, phenolic acids, stilbenes, and others, with specific examples provided for each class. Furthermore, the biological activities of these compounds are comprehensively summarized, encompassing eight key aspects: anti-tumor, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, hypoglycemic, antimicrobial, antihypertensive, lipid-regulating, and hepatoprotective effects. The mechanisms underlying these bioactivities are discussed in detail, supported by recent research findings. This review provides a scientific foundation for the further development and application of Tartary buckwheat in the pharmaceutical and food industries.
| [1] | Huda, M.N., Lu, S., Jahan, T., Ding, M., Jha, R., Zhang, K., et al. (2021) Treasure from Garden: Bioactive Compounds of Buckwheat. Food Chemistry, 335, Article 127653. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.127653 |
| [2] | Kim, S., Zaidul, I.S.M., Suzuki, T., Mukasa, Y., Hashimoto, N., Takigawa, S., et al. (2008) Comparison of Phenolic Compositions between Common and Tartary Buckwheat (Fagopyrum) Sprouts. Food Chemistry, 110, 814-820. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2008.02.050 |
| [3] | Lee, J.M., Lee, K.H., Yoon, Y.-H., et al. (2013) Identification of Triterpenoids and Flavonoids from the Seeds of Tartary Buckwheat. Natural Product Sciences, 19, 137-144. |
| [4] | Jiang, S., Liu, Q., Xie, Y., Zeng, H., Zhang, L., Jiang, X., et al. (2015) Separation of Five Flavonoids from Tartary Buckwheat (Fagopyrum Tataricum (L.) Gaertn) Grains via off-Line Two Dimensional High-Speed Counter-Current Chromatography. Food Chemistry, 186, 153-159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.08.120 |
| [5] | Shao, M., Yang, Y., Gao, H., et al. (2005) Studies on the Chemical Constituents of Fagopyrum dibotrys. Journal of Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 22, 100-102. |
| [6] | Watanabe, M. (1998) Catechins as Antioxidants from Buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) Groats. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 46, 839-845. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf9707546 |
| [7] | Wang, K., Zhang, Y. and Yang, C. (2005) Antioxidant Phenolic Constituents from Fagopyrum dibotrys. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 99, 259-264. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2005.02.029 |
| [8] | Obendorf, R.L., Steadman, K.J., Fuller, D.J., Horbowicz, M. and Lewis, B.A. (2000) Molecular Structure of Fagopyritol A1 (O-α-D-Galactopyranosyl-(1→3)-D-Chiro-Inositol) by NMR. Carbohydrate Research, 328, 623-627. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0008-6215(00)00133-6 |
| [9] | Steadman, K.J., Fuller, D.J. and Obendorf, R.L. (2001) Purification and Molecular Structure of Two Digalactosyl D-Chiro-Inositols and Two Trigalactosyl D-Chiro-Inositols from Buckwheat Seeds. Carbohydrate Research, 331, 19-25. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0008-6215(00)00320-7 |
| [10] | Matsui, K. and Walker, A.R. (2020) Biosynthesis and Regulation of Flavonoids in Buckwheat. Breeding Science, 70, 74-84. https://doi.org/10.1270/jsbbs.19041 |
| [11] | Dziedzic, K., Górecka, D., Szwengiel, A., Sulewska, H., Kreft, I., Gujska, E., et al. (2018) The Content of Dietary Fibre and Polyphenols in Morphological Parts of Buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum). Plant Foods for Human Nutrition, 73, 82-88. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11130-018-0659-0 |
| [12] | Jing, R., Li, H., Hu, C., Jiang, Y., Qin, L. and Zheng, C. (2016) Phytochemical and Pharmacological Profiles of Three Fagopyrum Buckwheats. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 17, Article 589. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms17040589 |
| [13] | Lv, L., Xia, Y., Zou, D., Han, H., Wang, Y., Fang, H., et al. (2017) Fagopyrum tataricum (L.) Gaertn.: A Review on Its Traditional Uses, Phytochemical and Pharmacology. Food Science and Technology Research, 23, 1-7. https://doi.org/10.3136/fstr.23.1 |
| [14] | Martín-García, B., Pasini, F., Verardo, V., Gómez-Caravaca, A.M., Marconi, E. and Caboni, M.F. (2019) Distribution of Free and Bound Phenolic Compounds in Buckwheat Milling Fractions. Foods, 8, Article 670. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods8120670 |
| [15] | Melini, V., Melini, F. and Acquistucci, R. (2020) Phenolic Compounds and Bioaccessibility Thereof in Functional Pasta. Antioxidants, 9, Article 343. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox9040343 |
| [16] | Park, B.I., Kim, J., Lee, K., Lim, T. and Hwang, K.T. (2019) Flavonoids in Common and Tartary Buckwheat Hull Extracts and Antioxidant Activity of the Extracts against Lipids in Mayonnaise. Journal of Food Science and Technology, 56, 2712-2720. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-019-03761-2 |
| [17] | Zhu, F. (2018) Proanthocyanidins in Cereals and Pseudocereals. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 59, 1521-1533. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2017.1418284 |
| [18] | Khan, Z.A., Iqbal, A. and Shahzad, S.A. (2017) Synthetic Approaches toward Stilbenes and Their Related Structures. Molecular Diversity, 21, 483-509. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11030-017-9736-9 |
| [19] | Xu, B., Xiao, G. and Ding, X. (2002) Determination of Phenolic Acids and Proanthocyanidin in Buckwheat (Fagopytum tataricum (Linn) Gaench). Food and Fermentation Industries, 28, 32-37. |
| [20] | Watanabe, M., Ohshita, Y. and Tsushida, T. (1997) Antioxidant Compounds from Buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Möench) Hulls. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 45, 1039-1044. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf9605557 |
| [21] | Wu, H., Zhou, J. and Pan, H. (2008) Study on Chemical Constituents of Fagopyrum Dibotrys (D. Don) Hara. Chinese Journal of Hospital Pharmacy, 28, 1829-1831. |
| [22] | Al-Khayri, J.M., Mascarenhas, R., Harish, H.M., Gowda, Y., Lakshmaiah, V.V., Nagella, P., et al. (2023) Stilbenes, a Versatile Class of Natural Metabolites for Inflammation—An Overview. Molecules, 28, Article 3786. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28093786 |
| [23] | Malarz, J., Michalska, K., Yudina, Y.V. and Stojakowska, A. (2022) Hairy Root Cultures as a Source of Polyphenolic Antioxidants: Flavonoids, Stilbenoids and Hydrolyzable Tannins. Plants, 11, Article 1950. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11151950 |
| [24] | Chong, J., Poutaraud, A. and Hugueney, P. (2009) Metabolism and Roles of Stilbenes in Plants. Plant Science, 177, 143-155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plantsci.2009.05.012 |
| [25] | Zheng, F., Song, Q., Qiang, G., et al. (2004) GC/MS Analysis of Fatty Acid in Fagopyrum esculentum Seed Oil. Food science, 25, 267-269. |
| [26] | Wang, L., Shao, M., Gao, H., et al. (2005) Study on Bacteriostasis of Fagopyrum cymosum Meisn. Chinese Journal of Microecology, 17, 31. |
| [27] | Zheng, C., Hu, C., Ma, X., Peng, C., Zhang, H. and Qin, L. (2012) Cytotoxic Phenylpropanoid Glycosides from Fagopyrum tataricum (L.) Gaertn. Food Chemistry, 132, 433-438. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.11.017 |
| [28] | Ren, Q., Wu, C., Ren, Y. and Zhang, J. (2013) Characterization and Identification of the Chemical Constituents from Tartary Buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum Gaertn) by High Performance Liquid Chromatography/photodiode Array Detector/linear Ion Trap FTICR Hybrid Mass Spectrometry. Food Chemistry, 136, 1377-1389. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.09.052 |
| [29] | Jeong-Yong, C., Jae-Hak, M., Kazuyoshi, K., et al. (2006) Isolation and Structural Elucidation of Antimicrobial Com-Pounds from Buckwheat Hull. Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, 16, 538-542. |
| [30] | Bai, Z.Z., Zhang, X.H., Xuan, L.J. and Mo, F.K. (2007) A Phenolic Glycoside from Fagopyrum dibotrys (D. Don) Hara. Chinese Chemical Letters, 18, 1087-1088. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cclet.2007.07.033 |
| [31] | Cook, N. (1996) Flavonoids-Chemistry, Metabolism, Cardioprotective Effects, and Dietary Sources. The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry, 7, 66-76. https://doi.org/10.1016/0955-2863(95)00168-9 |
| [32] | Sun, B., Wu, Y., Gao, H., et al. (2008) Chemical Constituents of Fagopyrum tataricum (L.) Gaertn. Journal of Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 25, 541-543. |
| [33] | Gailing, W., Le, Z., Ran, L., et al. (2005) Effect of Different Extraction Conditions on Rutin Hydrolysis of Fagopyrum tataricum Seeds. Acta Botanica Boreali-Occidentalia Sinica, 25, 1035-1038. |
| [34] | Li, F., Zhang, X., Li, Y., Lu, K., Yin, R. and Ming, J. (2017) Phenolics Extracted from Tartary (Fagopyrum tartaricum L. Gaerth) Buckwheat Bran Exhibit Antioxidant Activity, and an Antiproliferative Effect on Human Breast Cancer MDA-MB-231 Cells through the P38/map Kinase Pathway. Food & Function, 8, 177-188. https://doi.org/10.1039/c6fo01230b |
| [35] | Li, Y., Duan, S., Jia, H., Bai, C., Zhang, L. and Wang, Z. (2014) Flavonoids from Tartary Buckwheat Induce G2/M Cell Cycle Arrest and Apoptosis in Human Hepatoma HepG2 Cells. Acta Biochimica et Biophysica Sinica, 46, 460-470. https://doi.org/10.1093/abbs/gmu023 |
| [36] | Zhou, X., Chen, Z., Zhou, Y., Shi, R. and Li, Z. (2019) The Effect of Tartary Buckwheat Flavonoids in Inhibiting the Proliferation of MGC80-3 Cells during Seed Germination. Molecules, 24, Article 3092. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24173092 |
| [37] | Soosai, D., Ramalingam, R., Perumal, E., Veeramani, K., Pancras, C., Almutairi, M.H., et al. (2024) Anticancer Effects of Rutin from Fagopyrum tataricum (Tartary Buckwheat) against Osteosarcoma Cell Line. Molecular Biology Reports, 51, Article No. 312. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11033-024-09218-w |
| [38] | Bai, C.Z., Ji, H.J., Feng, M.L., Hao, X.L., Zhong, Q.M., Cui, X.D., et al. (2015) Stimulation of Dendritic Cell Maturation and Induction of Apoptosis in Lymphoma Cells by a Stable Lectin from Buckwheat Seeds. Genetics and Molecular Research, 14, 2162-2175. https://doi.org/10.4238/2015.march.27.3 |
| [39] | Guo, X., Zhu, K., Zhang, H. and Yao, H. (2010) Anti-Tumor Activity of a Novel Protein Obtained from Tartary Buckwheat. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 11, 5201-5211. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms11125201 |
| [40] | Ren, W., Qiao, Z., Wang, H., Zhu, L., Zhang, L., Lu, Y., et al. (2003) Molecular Basis of Fas and Cytochrome C Pathways of Apoptosis Induced by Tartary Buckwheat Flavonoid in HL-60 Cells. Methods and Findings in Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, 25, Article 431. https://doi.org/10.1358/mf.2003.25.6.769647 |
| [41] | Yoon, Y.-H., et al. (2011) The Protective Effects of Common and Tartary Buckwheats against Oxidative Stress and Gastric Cancer. Journal of Cancer Prevention, 16, 249-254. |
| [42] | Zhu, F. (2016) Chemical Composition and Health Effects of Tartary Buckwheat. Food Chemistry, 203, 231-245. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.02.050 |
| [43] | Gobert, A.P., Asim, M., Smith, T.M., Williams, K.J., Barry, D.P., Allaman, M.M., et al. (2023) Electrophilic Reactive Aldehydes as a Therapeutic Target in Colorectal Cancer Prevention and Treatment. Oncogene, 42, 1685-1691. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41388-023-02691-w |
| [44] | Lv, Z., Liu, P., Yang, Y., Ji, J., Wu, A., Huang, W., et al. (2024) (−)-Epicatechin Regulates Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Promotes Ferroptosis in Lung Cancer Cells via the PERK/eiF2α/ATF4 Signaling Pathway. PLOS ONE, 19, e0313010. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0313010 |
| [45] | Dzah, C.S., Duan, Y., Zhang, H., Authur, D.A. and Ma, H. (2020) Ultrasound-, Subcritical Water-and Ultrasound Assisted Subcritical Water-Derived Tartary Buckwheat Polyphenols Show Superior Antioxidant Activity and Cytotoxicity in Human Liver Carcinoma Cells. Food Research International, 137, Article 109598. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109598 |
| [46] | Ishii, S., Katsumura, T., Shiozuka, C., Ooyauchi, K., Kawasaki, K., Takigawa, S., et al. (2008) Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Buckwheat Sprouts in Lipopolysaccharide-Activated Human Colon Cancer Cells and Mice. Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry, 72, 3148-3157. https://doi.org/10.1271/bbb.80324 |
| [47] | Gobert, A.P., Asim, M., Smith, T.M., Williams, K.J., Barry, D.P., Allaman, M.M., et al. (2023) The Nutraceutical Electrophile Scavenger 2-Hydroxybenzylamine (2-HOBA) Attenuates Gastric Cancer Development Caused by Helicobacter Pylori. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, 158, Article 114092. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2022.114092 |
| [48] | Zhang, Z., Li, Y., Li, C., Yuan, J. and Wang, Z. (2007) Expression of a Buckwheat Trypsin Inhibitor Gene in Escherichia Coli and Its Effect on Multiple Myeloma IM-9 Cell Proliferation. Acta Biochimica et Biophysica Sinica, 39, 701-707. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-7270.2007.00332.x |
| [49] | Gunasekaran, S., Venkatachalam, K. and Namasivayam, N. (2019) Anti-Inflammatory and Anticancer Effects of P-Methoxycinnamic Acid, an Active Phenylpropanoid, against 1,2-Dimethylhydrazine-Induced Rat Colon Carcinogenesis. Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, 451, 117-129. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11010-018-3398-5 |
| [50] | Li, Y., Wang, S., Xia, W., Rahman, K., Zhang, Y., Peng, H., et al. (2014) Effects of Tatariside G Isolated from Fagopyrum tataricum Roots on Apoptosis in Human Cervical Cancer Hela Cells. Molecules, 19, 11145-11159. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules190811145 |
| [51] | Kato, N., Liu, Z., Ishikawa, W., Huang, X., Tomotake, H., Kayashita, J., et al. (2001) Research Communication: A Buckwheat Protein Product Suppresses 1,2-Dimethylhydrazine-Induced Colon Carcinogenesis in Rats by Reducing Cell Proliferation. The Journal of Nutrition, 131, 1850-1853. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/131.6.1850 |
| [52] | Ke, H., Wang, X., Zhou, Z., Ai, W., Wu, Z. and Zhang, Y. (2021) Effect of Weimaining on Apoptosis and Caspase-3 Expression in a Breast Cancer Mouse Model. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 264, Article 113363. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2020.113363 |
| [53] | Lin, H. and Lin, J. (2020) M1 Polarization but Anti‐LPS‐Induced Inflammation and Anti‐MCF‐7 Breast Cancer Cell Growth Effects of Five Selected Polysaccharides. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2020, Article 9450246. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/9450246 |
| [54] | Wang, Z., Li, S., Ren, R., Li, J. and Cui, X. (2015) Recombinant Buckwheat Trypsin Inhibitor Induces Mitophagy by Directly Targeting Mitochondria and Causes Mitochondrial Dysfunction in HepG2 Cells. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 63, 7795-7804. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.5b02644 |
| [55] | Kang, M.S., Ham, Y., Oh, D., Jung, Y., Han, S. and Kim, J.H. (2021) Lapathoside a Isolated from Fagopyrum esculentum Induces Apoptosis in Human Pancreatic Cancer Cells. Anticancer Research, 41, 747-756. https://doi.org/10.21873/anticanres.14826 |
| [56] | Lee, H., Lim, T., Kim, J., Kim, R.H. and Hwang, K.T. (2022) Phenolics in Buckwheat Hull Extracts and Their Antioxidant Activities on Bulk Oil and Emulsions. Journal of Food Science, 87, 2831-2846. https://doi.org/10.1111/1750-3841.16175 |
| [57] | Xu, Q., Wang, L., Li, W., Xing, Y., Zhang, P., Wang, Q., et al. (2019) Scented Tartary Buckwheat Tea: Aroma Components and Antioxidant Activity. Molecules, 24, Article 4368. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24234368 |
| [58] | Luo, X., Fei, Y., Xu, Q., Lei, T., Mo, X., Wang, Z., et al. (2020) Isolation and Identification of Antioxidant Peptides from Tartary Buckwheat Albumin (Fagopyrum tataricum Gaertn.) and Their Antioxidant Activities. Journal of Food Science, 85, 611-617. https://doi.org/10.1111/1750-3841.15004 |
| [59] | Zhong, L., Lin, Y., Wang, C., Niu, B., Xu, Y., Zhao, G., et al. (2022) Chemical Profile, Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activity Assessment of the Crude Extract and Its Main Flavonoids from Tartary Buckwheat Sprouts. Molecules, 27, Article 374. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27020374 |
| [60] | Li, X., Zhang, Y., Zhao, W., Ren, T., Wang, X. and Hu, X. (2024) Extracts from Tartary Buckwheat Sprouts Restricts Oxidative Injury Induced by Hydrogen Peroxide in HepG2 by Upregulating the Redox System. Foods, 13, Article 3726. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13233726 |
| [61] | Cui, Y., Zhao, Z., Liu, Z., Liu, J., Piao, C. and Liu, D. (2020) Purification and Identification of Buckwheat Hull Flavonoids and Its Comparative Evaluation on Antioxidant and Cytoprotective Activity in Vitro. Food Science & Nutrition, 8, 3882-3892. https://doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.1683 |
| [62] | Altıkardeş, E. and Güzel, N. (2024) Impact of Germination Pre-Treatments on Buckwheat and Quinoa: Mitigation of Anti-Nutrient Content and Enhancement of Antioxidant Properties. Food Chemistry: X, 21, Article 101182. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fochx.2024.101182 |
| [63] | Li, X., Liu, J., Chang, Q., Zhou, Z., Han, R. and Liang, Z. (2021) Antioxidant and Antidiabetic Activity of Proanthocyanidins from Fagopyrum dibotrys. Molecules, 26, Article 2417. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26092417 |
| [64] | Ge, F., Zhu, S., Liu, L., Yan, J., Ji, Y. and Sun, Z. (2017) Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Fagopyrum Cymosum Administered as a Potential Drug for Ulcerative Colitis. Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 14, 4745-4754. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2017.5153 |
| [65] | Nam, T.G., Lim, T., Lee, B.H., Lim, S., Kang, H., Eom, S.H., et al. (2017) Comparison of Anti‐Inflammatory Effects of Flavonoid‐Rich Common and Tartary Buckwheat Sprout Extracts in Lipopolysaccharide‐stimulated RAW 264.7 and Peritoneal Macrophages. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, 2017, Article 9658030. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/9658030 |
| [66] | Giménez-Bastida, J.A., Laparra-Llopis, J.M., Baczek, N. and Zielinski, H. (2018) Buckwheat and Buckwheat Enriched Products Exert an Anti-Inflammatory Effect on the Myofibroblasts of Colon CCD-18Co. Food & Function, 9, 3387-3397. https://doi.org/10.1039/c8fo00193f |
| [67] | Hu, Y., Liu, X., Song, Y., Zhang, Y., Li, W., Zhang, L., et al. (2024) Exploring the Anti‐Inflammatory Ingredients and Potential of Golden Buckwheat (Fagopyrum dibotrys) on the TLR4/NLRP3 Pathway in Acute Lung Injury. Food Science & Nutrition, 12, 5426-5441. https://doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.4193 |
| [68] | Hwang, D., Kang, M., Kang, C. and Kim, G. (2019) Kaempferol-3-O-β-Rutinoside Suppresses the Inflammatory Responses in Lipopolysaccharide-Stimulated RAW264.7 Cells via the NF-κB and MAPK Pathways. International Journal of Molecular Medicine, 44, 2321-2328. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2019.4381 |
| [69] | Zhang, B., Gao, C., Li, Y. and Wang, M. (2018) D-Chiro-Inositol Enriched Fagopyrum tataricum (L.) Gaench Extract Alleviates Mitochondrial Malfunction and Inhibits ER Stress/JNK Associated Inflammation in the Endothelium. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 214, 83-89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2017.12.002 |
| [70] | Xiang, W.L., Jin, L.Q., Gao, F., et al. (2019) Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus with the Stem and Leaf of Blacktartary Buck-Wheat and Its Effects on the Pancreas and Spleen. The Chinese Journal of Applied Physiology, 35, 140-144. |
| [71] | Yin, X., Liu, S., Zhang, X., Jian, Y., Wen, J., Zhou, R., et al. (2022) Hypoglycemic Effects and Mechanisms of Buckwheat-Oat-Pea Composite Flour in Diabetic Rats. Foods, 11, Article 3938. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11233938 |
| [72] | Lu, C., Zheng, Q., Shen, Q., Song, C. and Zhang, Z. (2017) Uncovering the Relationship and Mechanisms of Tartary Buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum) and Type II Diabetes, Hypertension, and Hyperlipidemia Using a Network Pharmacology Approach. PeerJ, 5, e4042. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.4042 |
| [73] | Wang, H., Liu, S., Cui, Y., Wang, Y., Guo, Y., Wang, X., et al. (2021) Hepatoprotective Effects of Flavonoids from Common Buckwheat Hulls in Type 2 Diabetic Rats and HepG2 Cells. Food Science & Nutrition, 9, 4793-4802. https://doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.2390 |
| [74] | Hu, Y., Zhao, Y., Ren, D., Guo, J., Luo, Y. and Yang, X. (2015) Hypoglycemic and Hepatoprotective Effects Of D-Chiro-Inositol-Enriched Tartary Buckwheat Extract in High Fructose-Fed Mice. Food & Function, 6, 3760-3769. https://doi.org/10.1039/c5fo00612k |
| [75] | Hu, Y., Zhao, Y., Yuan, L. and Yang, X. (2015) Protective Effects of Tartary Buckwheat Flavonoids on High TMAO Diet-Induced Vascular Dysfunction and Liver Injury in Mice. Food & Function, 6, 3359-3372. https://doi.org/10.1039/c5fo00581g |
| [76] | Lee, C., Shen, S., Lai, Y. and Wu, S. (2013) Rutin and Quercetin, Bioactive Compounds from Tartary Buckwheat, Prevent Liver Inflammatory Injury. Food & Function, 4, 794-802. https://doi.org/10.1039/c3fo30389f |
| [77] | Wang, D., Zhang, D., Zhu, Z., Zhang, Y., Wan, Y., Chen, H., et al. (2024) Fagopyrum dibotrys Extract Improves Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease via Inhibition of Lipogenesis and Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in High-Fat Diet-Fed Mice. BMC Research Notes, 17, Article No. 310. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13104-024-06962-x |
| [78] | Sim, U., Sung, J., Lee, H., Heo, H., Jeong, H.S. and Lee, J. (2020) Effect of Calcium Chloride and Sucrose on the Composition of Bioactive Compounds and Antioxidant Activities in Buckwheat Sprouts. Food Chemistry, 312, Article 126075. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.126075 |
| [79] | Zhou, Y., Jiang, Y., Shi, R., Chen, Z., Li, Z., Wei, Y., et al. (2019) Structural and Antioxidant Analysis of Tartary Buckwheat (Fagopyrum tartaricum Gaertn.) 13S Globulin. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 100, 1220-1229. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.10133 |
| [80] | Choi, S.Y., Choi, J.Y., Lee, J.M., Lee, S. and Cho, E.J. (2015) Tartary Buckwheat on Nitric Oxide-Induced Inflammation in RAW264.7 Macrophage Cells. Food & Function, 6, 2664-2670. https://doi.org/10.1039/c5fo00639b |
| [81] | Qing, L., Li, S., Yan, S., Wu, C., Yan, X., He, Z., et al. (2023) Anti‐Helicobacter pylori Activity of Fagopyrum tataricum (L.) Gaertn. Bran Flavonoids Extract and Its Effect on Helicobacter Pylori‐Induced Inflammatory Response. Food Science & Nutrition, 11, 3394-3403. https://doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.3329 |
| [82] | Ge, X., Liu, T., Chen, Z., Zhang, J., Yin, X., Huang, Z., et al. (2023) Fagopyrum tataricum Ethanol Extract Ameliorates Symptoms of Hyperglycemia by Regulating Gut Microbiota in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Mice. Food & Function, 14, 8487-8503. https://doi.org/10.1039/d3fo02385k |
| [83] | Wu, W., Li, Z., Qin, F. and Qiu, J. (2021) Anti-Diabetic Effects of the Soluble Dietary Fiber from Tartary Buckwheat Bran in Diabetic Mice and Their Potential Mechanisms. Food & Nutrition Research, 65, Article 4998. https://doi.org/10.29219/fnr.v65.4998 |
| [84] | Yang, J., Zuo, J., Deng, Y., Zhang, L., Yu, H., Zhang, C., et al. (2023) Antidiabetic Activity of Tartary Buckwheat Protein-Derived Peptide AFYRW and Its Effects on Protein Glycosylation of Pancreas in Mice. Amino Acids, 55, 1063-1071. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00726-023-03294-1 |
| [85] | Cao, P., Wu, Y., Li, Y., Xiang, L., Cheng, B., Hu, Y., et al. (2022) The Important Role of Glycerophospholipid Metabolism in the Protective Effects of Polyphenol-Enriched Tartary Buckwheat Extract against Alcoholic Liver Disease. Food & Function, 13, 10415-10425. https://doi.org/10.1039/d2fo01518h |
| [86] | Yang, Q., Luo, C., Zhang, X., et al. (2020) Tartary Buckwheat Extract Alleviates Alcohol-Induced Acute and Chronic Liver Injuries through the Inhibition of Oxidative Stress and Mitochondrial Cell Death Pathway. American Journal of Translational Research, 12, 70-89. |
