全部 标题 作者
关键词 摘要

OALib Journal期刊
ISSN: 2333-9721
费用：99美元
投递稿件

查看量下载量

相关文章

更多...

Role of Transforming Informal Settlements into Green Buildings in Developing Countries

DOI: 10.4236/cus.2025.132004, PP. 71-98

Keywords: Informal Settlements, Green Building, Sustainable Urban, Energy-Efficient, Community-Driven

Full-Text   Cite this paper   Add to My Lib

Abstract:

Informal settlements in developing countries present complex challenges that demand a shift from conventional upgrading strategies. Existing research highlights growing disparities between developed and developing nations and between planned and unplanned urban areas, underscoring the urgency for sustainable solutions. Green building principles centered on ecologically responsible design, construction, and resource efficiency offer transformative potential for these settlements. However, current frameworks often neglect socio-economic, cultural, and technological integration, limiting their scalability. Additionally, minimal research explores how informal construction practices can align with green technologies to enhance affordability and community acceptance. This study examines the role of green building principles in upgrading informal settlements, assessing both opportunities and barriers. By focusing on energy-efficient retrofitting, sustainable materials, and community-driven initiatives, it assesses policy reforms, flexible building codes, and technological innovations through case studies such as Brazil, Ethiopia, and South Africa. Findings reveal a critical gap in holistic strategies and propose scalable, cost-effective solutions such as modular designs, localized material sourcing, and participatory engagement models to ensure inclusive housing for low-income populations. The transition to green buildings, though complex, is essential for sustainable urbanization. Success requires a multidisciplinary approach combining policy adjustments (e.g., subsidies for green retrofitting), technical advancements (e.g., decentralized solar systems), and active community involvement to address financial, governance, and social barriers. As cities in developing regions expand, prioritizing green construction in informal settlements is vital to fostering resilient, equitable, and ecologically sustainable urban environments. This study advances discourse by identifying key challenges, such as high upfront costs and fragmented governance, and opportunities, including job creation and long-term energy savings. It also highlights research gaps, such as the need for climate-resilient designs and digital tools for participatory planning. By providing actionable insights, the paper equips policymakers, researchers, and practitioners with strategies to develop context-sensitive, scalable green solutions for vulnerable urban populations. Ultimately, proactive investment in these approaches can mitigate urban poverty, reduce carbon footprints, and promote inclusive

 References

[1]  Abo El Kasem Ali, M. (2021). The Role of Green Buildings in Rationalizing Energy Consumption. International Journal of Advances Engineering and Civil Research, 1, 21-37.
https://doi.org/10.21608/ijaecr.2023.214442.1011
[2]  Adeyemi, A. B., Ohakawa, T. C., Okwandu, A. C., Iwuanyanwu, O., & Ifechukwu, G.-O. (2024). Affordable Housing and Resilient Design: Preparing Low-Income Housing for Climate Change Impacts. Journal of Sustainable Architecture, 12, 45-60.
[3]  Agboola, S. A., Idowu, F. A., Yusuf, F. M., & Musa, A. K. (2023). Barriers to Sustainable Green Building Practice in Nigeria. FUDMA Journal of Sciences, 7, 157-163.
https://doi.org/10.33003/fjs-2023-0706-2114
[4]  Akin, I., & Akin, M. (2024). Promoting Sustainable Practices through Green Investments in the United Kingdom Real Estate Industry. Sustainable Development, 33, 1526-1544.
https://doi.org/10.1002/sd.3194
[5]  Ayoobi, A. W., & Inceoğlu, M. (2024). Developing an Optimized Energy-Efficient Sustainable Building Design Model in an Arid and Semi-Arid Region: A Genetic Algorithm Approach. Energies, 17, Article No. 6095.
https://doi.org/10.3390/en17236095
[6]  Baeroom, A. A., Hossen, M. F., Abid, M. A., & Shahzad, F. (2025). Green Buildings and Sustainability: A Review of Economic and Environmental Impacts. International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Growth Evaluation, 6, 1089-1094.
https://doi.org/10.54660/.ijmrge.2025.6.1.1089-1094
[7]  Billanes, J. D., Ma, Z. G., & Jørgensen, B. N. (2025). Data-Driven Technologies for Energy Optimization in Smart Buildings: A Scoping Review. Energies, 18, Article No. 290.
https://doi.org/10.3390/en18020290
[8]  Borah, G. (2025). Urban Water Stress: Climate Change Implications for Water Supply in Cities. Water Conservation Science and Engineering, 10, Article No. 20.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s41101-025-00344-5
[9]  Canton, H. (2021). International Labour Organization—ILO. In The Europa Directory of International Organizations 2021 (23rd ed., pp. 333-338). Routledge.
https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003179900-49
[10]  Cao, H. (2025). Integrating Energy Efficiency, Sustainable Materials, and Eco-City Planning: A Holistic Approach to Green Building Design. Applied and Computational Engineering, 123, 17-23.
https://doi.org/10.54254/2755-2721/2025.19566
[11]  Chen, L., Yuan, B., & Wang, X. (2024). Simulation Analysis of the Constraints on the Green Retrofit of Existing Buildings and Strategies for Its Promotion: A Hybrid Method Based on ISM and SD. Building Research & Information, 52, 515-532.
https://doi.org/10.1080/09613218.2023.2280036
[12]  Chipade, A. M., Vispute, P. P., Sonawane, S. K., Sasane, N. B., Jadhav, M., & Nerlekar, T. (2025). Construction Materials for Sustainable Environment in Residential Buildings. Journal of Mines, Metals and Fuels, 73, 173-188.
https://doi.org/10.18311/jmmf/2025/46248
[13]  Cinnamon, J., & Noth, T. (2023). Spatiotemporal Development of Informal Settlements in Cape Town, 2000 to 2020: An Open Data Approach. Habitat International, 133, Article ID: 102753.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2023.102753
[14]  Curtis, T. L., Buchanan, H., Heath, G., Smith, L., & Shaw, S. (2021). Solar Photovoltaic Module Recycling: A Survey of US Policies and Initiatives. National Renewable Energy Lab. (NREL).
[15]  Dallas, J. A., Raval, S., Alvarez Gaitan, J. P., Saydam, S., & Dempster, A. G. (2020). The Environmental Impact of Emissions from Space Launches: A Comprehensive Review. Journal of Cleaner Production, 255, Article ID: 120209.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.120209
[16]  Dhakal, N. R. (2024). Assessing the Interconnected Challenges of Housing, Health, Education, and Employment in Balaju Slum Settlement. National College of Computer Studies Research Journal, 3, 110-130.
https://doi.org/10.3126/nccsrj.v3i1.72342
[17]  Edwards, L., & Torcellini, P. (2002). A Literature Review of the Effects of Natural Light on Building Occupants.
[18]  Ehimen, E. A., Sandula, P. Y., Robin, T., & Gamula, G. T. (2023). Improving Energy Access in Low-Income Sub-Saharan African Countries: A Case Study of Malawi. Energies, 16, Article No. 3106.
https://doi.org/10.3390/en16073106
[19]  Ejidike, C. C., & Mewomo, M. C. (2023). Benefits of Adopting Smart Building Technologies in Building Construction of Developing Countries: Review of Literature. SN Applied Sciences, 5, Article No. 52.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-022-05262-y
[20]  Elayah, M., Abdalla, M., & Chaudhry, H. (2024). Harnessing NGOs for Climate Action and Environmental Awareness in the Middle East: A Path to Knowledge Diffusion. In M. Elayah, & B. Alzandani (Eds.), Conflicts in the Middle East and Africa (pp. 63-80). Routledge.
https://doi.org/10.4324/9781032626772-6
[21]  El-Hakim, Y., & AbouZeid, M. N. (2024). Towards Mitigating Climate Change Negative Impact: The Role of Regulations and Governance in the Construction Industry. Sustainability, 16, Article No. 6822.
https://doi.org/10.3390/su16166822
[22]  Fan, C., & Li, X. (2024). Exploring Effective Incentive Policies for Sustainable Development of Green Buildings in China: Based on Evolutionary Game Theory and Numerical Simulation Analysis. Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management, 32, 3326-3348.
https://doi.org/10.1108/ecam-06-2023-0622
[23]  Gedefaw, A., Atzberger, C., Bauer, T., Agegnehu, S., & Mansberger, R. (2020). Analysis of Land Cover Change Detection in Gozamin District, Ethiopia: From Remote Sensing and DPSIR Perspectives. Sustainability, 12, Article No. 4534.
https://doi.org/10.3390/su12114534
[24]  Godyń, I., Grela, A., Muszyński, K., & Pamuła, J. (2024). The Impact of Green Infrastructure on the Quality of Stormwater and Environmental Risk. Sustainability, 16, Article No. 8530.
https://doi.org/10.3390/su16198530
[25]  Green, D., O’Donnell, E., Johnson, M., Slater, L., Thorne, C., Zheng, S. et al. (2021). Green Infrastructure: The Future of Urban Flood Risk Management? WIREs Water, 8, e1560.
https://doi.org/10.1002/wat2.1560
[26]  Guo, F., Sun, H., Chen, Y., & Fang, J. (2021). Study on the Right of Residents in Urban Residential District. SHS Web of Conferences, 96, Article No. 01007.
https://doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20219601007
[27]  Hafez, F. S., Sa’di, B., Safa-Gamal, M., Taufiq-Yap, Y. H., Alrifaey, M., Seyedmahmoudian, M. et al. (2023). Energy Efficiency in Sustainable Buildings: A Systematic Review with Taxonomy, Challenges, Motivations, Methodological Aspects, Recommendations, and Pathways for Future Research. Energy Strategy Reviews, 45, Article ID: 101013.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esr.2022.101013
[28]  Henn, K., Lestakova, M., Logan, K., Hartig, J., Georganos, S., & Friesen, J. (2024). A Bibliometric Analysis and Scoping Study to Identify English-Language Perspectives on Slums.
[29]  Hickey, R. (2022). The Position of Squatters in Property Law. In N. Graham et al. (Eds.), The Routledge Handbook of Property, Law and Society (pp. 156-164). Routledge.
https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003139614-16
[30]  Ikejiaku, B. V. (2024). The Capability Approach and the Sustainable Development Goals: Inter/Multi/Trans Disciplinary Perspectives. Taylor & Francis.
[31]  Imafidon, H., Enwerem, M., & Boye, A. (2024). Adapting Green Building Practices and Smart Technology in Developing Countries. African Journal of Environmental Sciences and Renewable Energy, 16, 183-202.
https://doi.org/10.62154/ajesre.2024.016.010407
[32]  Jauhari, D. (2023). Achieving the Agenda 2030 in the Built Environment: Role, Benefits, and Challenges in Implementing Green Infrastructure in Informal Settlements. In T. Walker et al. (Eds.), The Role of Design, Construction, and Real Estate in Advancing the Sustainable Development Goals (pp. 37-62). Springer International Publishing.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-28739-8_3
[33]  Kaewpraek, C., Ali, L., Rahman, M. A., Shakeri, M., Chowdhury, M. S., Jamal, M. S. et al. (2021). The Effect of Plants on the Energy Output of Green Roof Photovoltaic Systems in Tropical Climates. Sustainability, 13, Article No. 4505.
https://doi.org/10.3390/su13084505
[34]  Kamjou, E., Scott, M., & Lennon, M. (2024). A Bottom-Up Perspective on Green Infrastructure in Informal Settlements: Understanding Nature’s Benefits through Lived Experiences. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 94, Article ID: 128231.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2024.128231
[35]  Karamanis, D., Liu, H., Skandalos, N., Makis, A., Kapsalis, V., D’Agostino, D. et al. (2024). Transitioning to Building Integration of Photovoltaics and Greenery (BIPVGREEN): Case Studies Up-Scaling from Cities Informal Settlements. Environmental Research: Infrastructure and Sustainability, 4, Article ID: 042001.
https://doi.org/10.1088/2634-4505/ad8374
[36]  Kumar, R., singh, R., Goel, R., Singh, T., Priyadarshi, N., & Twala, B. (2024). Incentivizing Green Building Technology: A Financial Perspective on Sustainable Development in India. F1000Research, 13, Article No. 924.
https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.154056.2
[37]  Kundu, A., Rahaman, M., & Khan, K. (2024). Access of Urban Poor to Basic Services: Concerns of Sustainability and Equity. Social Change, 54, 7-35.
https://doi.org/10.1177/00490857231226023
[38]  Lenka, A. K. (2022). Inequalities in Access to Water Supply and Sanitation Facilities—A Study in Bhubaneswar City, Odisha. In R. K. Kale, & S. S. Acharya (Eds.), Mapping Identity-Induced Marginalisation in India: Inclusion and Access in the Land of Unequal Opportunities (pp. 475-491). Springer.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-3128-4_26
[39]  Loor, I., Rivadeneira, L., & Rivadeneira, J. (2021). Challenging Poverty with Green Space in Informal Settlements of Quito. Research, Society and Development, 10, e29310111858.
https://doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v10i1.11858
[40]  Lukinov, V., Kumar, C. V., Venkateswara Reddy, L., Gupta, M., Ikram, M., Jain, A. et al. (2024). Mitigating Urban Heat Islands Using Green Roof Technology. E3S Web of Conferences, 581, Article No. 01020.
https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202458101020
[41]  Mahmud, A. B., Rosli, H. B., & Hassan, N. B. (2024). Assessing the Impact of Regulatory Frameworks on the Success of Green Building Projects in Singapore. Frontiers in Management Science, 3, 58-66.
https://doi.org/10.56397/fms.2024.04.07
[42]  Makhaye, L., Gumbo, T., Makoni, E., & Pillay, N. (2021). Exploring the Approaches and Strategies of Upgrading Informal Settlements: Learning from Policy and Practice in the City of Ekurhuleni, Gauteng Province. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Operations Management (pp. 5770-5782). IEOM Society International.
https://doi.org/10.46254/an11.20210967
[43]  Marnane, K. (2021). An Architecture of Informality: The Physical and Social Environment of Two Informal Settlements in Ahmedabad, India.
[44]  Matuankotta, J. K., & Lakburlawal, M. A. (2022). Penyuluhan Hukum Tentang Upaya Penyelesaian Sengketa Hak Milik Atas Tanah. AIWADTHU: Jurnal Pengabdian Hukum, 2, 42-49.
https://doi.org/10.47268/aiwadthu.v2i1.883
[45]  Mesgar, M., & Ramirez-Lovering, D. (2021). Informal Land Rights and Infrastructure Retrofit: A Typology of Land Rights in Informal Settlements. Land, 10, Article No. 273.
https://doi.org/10.3390/land10030273
[46]  Mi, Z. (2024). Sustainable Architectural Practices: Integrating Green Design, Smart Technologies, and Ultra-Low Energy Concepts. Theoretical and Natural Science, 48, 62-67.
https://doi.org/10.54254/2753-8818/48/20240203
[47]  Mihalakakou, G., Souliotis, M., Papadaki, M., Menounou, P., Dimopoulos, P., Kolokotsa, D. et al. (2023). Green Roofs as a Nature-Based Solution for Improving Urban Sustainability: Progress and Perspectives. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 180, Article ID: 113306.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2023.113306
[48]  Mutyambizi, C., Mokhele, T., Ndinda, C., & Hongoro, C. (2020). Access to and Satisfaction with Basic Services in Informal Settlements: Results from a Baseline Assessment Survey. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17, Article No. 4400.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17124400
[49]  Nair, D. G. (2015). Sustainable Construction Practices for Affordable Housing. In D. G. Nair (Ed.), Proceedings of International Structural Engineering and Construction (Vol. 2, pp. 1-7).
https://doi.org/10.14455/isec.res.2015.197
[50]  Nasr, Y., El Zakhem, H., Hamami, A. E. A., El Bachawati, M., & Belarbi, R. (2024). Comprehensive Assessment of the Impact of Green Roofs and Walls on Building Energy Performance: A Scientific Review. Energies, 17, Article No. 5160.
https://doi.org/10.3390/en17205160
[51]  Ndinda, C., Hongoro, C., Labadarios, D., Mokhele, T., Khalema, E., Weir-Smith, G., Douglas, M., Ngandu, S., Parker, W., & Tshitangano, F. (2021). A Baseline Assessment for Future Impact Evaluation of Informal Settlements Targeted for Upgrading: Summary Report.
[52]  Ndlangamandla, M. G., & Combrinck, C. (2020). Environmental Sustainability of Construction Practices in Informal Settlements. Smart and Sustainable Built Environment, 9, 523-538.
https://doi.org/10.1108/sasbe-09-2018-0043
[53]  Ngoc, T. H., Chuduc, H., & Anh, V. Q. (2024). Green Innovation: Strategies for Commercializing Environmental Technologies and Solutions. In 2024 9th International Conference on Applying New Technology in Green Buildings (ATiGB) (pp. 151-156). IEEE.
https://doi.org/10.1109/atigb63471.2024.10717780
[54]  Niamir, L., Brutschin, E., & Adachi, M. (2024). Cities Transformation Report.
[55]  Nibagwire, D., Ana, G. R. E. E., Kalisa, E., Twagirayezu, G., Kagabo, A. S., & Nsengiyumva, J. (2025a). Exposure Patterns of PM2.5 and CO Concentrations in Residential and Commercial Buildings: Factors Influencing Indoor Air Quality. Air Quality, Atmosphere & Health.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11869-025-01740-5
[56]  Nibagwire, D., Ana, G. R. E. E., Kalisa, E., Twagirayezu, G., Safari Kagabo, A., & Nsengiyumva, J. (2025b). Analysis of the Influence of Exogenous Factors on Indoor Air Quality in Residential Buildings. Frontiers in Built Environment, 11, Article ID: 1528453.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fbuil.2025.1528453
[57]  Nogueira, S., Palmero-Marrero, A. I., Borge-Diez, D., Açikkalp, E., & Oliveira, A. C. (2024). Energetic Analysis of Passive Solar Strategies for Residential Buildings with Extreme Summer Conditions. Applied Sciences, 14, Article No. 10761.
https://doi.org/10.3390/app142210761
[58]  Nwaogbe, G. et al. (2025). Green Construction Practices: Aligning Environmental Sustainability with Project Efficiency. International Journal of Science and Research Archive, 14, 189-201.
https://doi.org/10.30574/ijsra.2025.14.1.0023
[59]  Oates, L., Datey, A., Sudmant, A., Gillard, R., & Gouldson, A. (2024). Community Participation in Urban Land and Housing Delivery: Evidence from Kerala (India) and Dar Es Salaam (Tanzania). Land, 13, Article No. 641.
https://doi.org/10.3390/land13050641
[60]  Okeke, C. U. (2023). Community Resilience: Integrating Local Approaches into Nigeria’s Climate Change Adaptation Agenda.
[61]  Okoro, C., Olaleye, A., & Owojori, O. (2023). The Risks of Private Sector Investment in Affordable Housing Development: An Afrocentric Perspective. Journal of Infrastructure, Policy and Development, 8, Article No. 2691.
https://doi.org/10.24294/jipd.v8i1.2691
[62]  Omole, F. O., Olajiga, O. K., & Olatunde, T. M. (2024). Sustainable Urban Design: A Review of Eco-Friendly Building Practices and Community Impact. Engineering Science & Technology Journal, 5, 1020-1030.
https://doi.org/10.51594/estj.v5i3.955
[63]  Parmar, D. (2024). Hands Together: Nature-Based Placemaking in an Urban Poor Resettlement Colony. The Journal of Public Space, 9, 185-198.
https://doi.org/10.32891/jps.v9i2.1792
[64]  Parveen, M. (2024). Role of Environmental NGOs in Raising Awareness and Promoting Environmental Campaigns in Bangladesh. In M. S. M. Saleh et al. (Eds.), Multi-Stakeholder Contribution in Asian Environmental Communication (pp. 90-102). Routledge.
https://doi.org/10.4324/9781032670508-10
[65]  Patra, P., Roy, A., Ghosh, A., & Malik, P. (2023). Socio-Economic Impact on the Availability of Basic Amenities: A Comparative Analysis of Villages of Hilly States, India. Management of Environmental Quality: An International Journal, 34, 37-58.
https://doi.org/10.1108/meq-12-2021-0283
[66]  Putra, M. A. S., Santosa, M. R. N., Nurmandi, A., & Fridayani, H. D. (2024). Slum Management Analysis Using Bibliometric Analysis. Jurnal Ilmu Administrasi Negara (JUAN), 12, 1-14.
https://doi.org/10.31629/juan.v12i1.6701
[67]  Qoraney, S., Soussa, H., El-Hameed, A. A., & Riad, P. (2024). Triple Bottom Line Benefits of Implementing Green Infrastructure for Runoff Management. International Journal of Civil Engineering, 11, 123-132.
https://doi.org/10.14445/23488352/ijce-v11i11p111
[68]  Rasa, A. K. (2023). Evaluating the Role of Stakeholders in Implementing Green Building Schemes for Sustainable Urban Plans: Insights from Tashkent. The American Journal of Applied Sciences, 5, 21-24.
https://doi.org/10.37547/tajas/volume05issue07-06
[69]  Rivera-Kientz, K., Negrón, R., Estrada-Martínez, L. M., Brown, N. H., Ozor Commer, C., Admankar, M. et al. (2024). Community-Led Climate Preparedness and Resilience in Boston: New Evidence from Communities of Color. Climate, 12, Article No. 149.
https://doi.org/10.3390/cli12090149
[70]  Sagar, Arya, Y., & Singhal, P. (2025). Energy Efficient Green Building Design Utlilising Renewable Energy and Low-Carbon Development Technologies. Science and Technology for Energy Transition, 80, Article No. 25.
https://doi.org/10.2516/stet/2025004
[71]  Sato, S. (2024). The Impact of Rapid Urbanization on Housing Inequality and Informal Settlements in South Asia.
[72]  Sharma, B., Kumar, O., & Singh, M. (2025). An Empirical Analysis in Understanding the Impact of Upgrading Slum Areas in Enhancing Health Equity for Sustainable Development. In E. Ozen et al. (Eds.), Sustainability, Innovation, and Consumer Preference (pp. 427-440). IGI Global.
https://doi.org/10.4018/979-8-3693-9699-5.ch018
[73]  Tanwattana, P., & Toyoda, Y. (2024). Climate Resilience Action to Policy: Embodied Community-Based Climate Risk Resilience (CBCRR) in Drought Prone Community in Thailand’s Economic Corridor. Climate Policy, 1-18.
https://doi.org/10.1080/14693062.2024.2430682
[74]  Terdoo, F. (2024). Assessing the Role of Participatory Planning Approach in Enhancing Informal Settlements Upgrading in Low Income Regions. Discover Global Society, 2, Article No. 98.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s44282-024-00117-w
[75]  Umoh, A. A., Nwasike, C. N., Tula, O. A., Adekoya, O. O., & Gidiagba, J. O. (2024). A Review of Smart Green Building Technologies: Investigating the Integration and Impact of AI and IOT in Sustainable Building Designs. Computer Science & IT Research Journal, 5, 141-165.
https://doi.org/10.51594/csitrj.v5i1.715
[76]  Unegbua, H. C., Yawasaa, D. S., Danasabea, B., & Alabia, A. A. (2024). Evaluating the Implementation of Green Building Practices in Nigeria. Journal of Management and Engineering Sciences, 1, 85-97.
[77]  UN-Habitat (2020). World Cities Report 2020: The Value of Sustainable Urbanization. UN.
https://unhabitat.org/world-cities-report-2020-the-value-of-sustainable-urbanization
[78]  Van der Waal, J. W. H. (2024). Is the Private Sector Beginning to Embrace the SDGs? CABI Reviews, 19, 1.
https://doi.org/10.1079/cabireviews.2024.0055
[79]  Venkanna, B. G., & Sonba, S. (2024). Livelihoods for Urban Slums and Economic Growth. African Journal of Biomedical Research, 27, 2570-2580.
https://doi.org/10.53555/ajbr.v27i4s.4071
[80]  Wang, W., Yang, H., & Xiang, C. (2023). Green Roofs and Facades with Integrated Photovoltaic System for Zero Energy Eco-Friendly Building—A Review. Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments, 60, Article ID: 103426.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seta.2023.103426
[81]  Wargocki, P., & Wyon, D. P. (2017). Ten Questions Concerning Thermal and Indoor Air Quality Effects on the Performance of Office Work and Schoolwork. Building and Environment, 112, 359-366.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2016.11.020
[82]  Watson, V. (2009). “The Planned City Sweeps the Poor Away…”: Urban Planning and 21st Century Urbanisation. Progress in Planning, 72, 151-193.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.progress.2009.06.002
[83]  Yahia, A. K. M., & Shahjalal, M. (2024). Sustainable Materials Selection in Building Design and Construction. International Journal of Science and Engineering, 1, 106-119.
[84]  Zakaria, Z., Muhamad Ariff, N. R., Ahmad Noorhani, N. M., & Hussain, M. M. (2024). Sustainable Green Building Initiatives in Malaysia: Issues in the Implementation Practices. Planning Malaysia, 22, 530-542.
https://doi.org/10.21837/pm.v22i32.1524
[85]  Zhang, H. (2023). Leveraging Policy Instruments and Financial Incentives to Reduce Embodied Carbon in Energy Retrofits.

Full-Text

Contact Us

service@oalib.com

QQ:3279437679

WhatsApp +8615387084133