The Standard Model of particle physics, assuming that fundamental fermions are point particles, does not explain why there are only nine charged fundamental fermions nor does it easily explain the masses of those nine charged fermions. This holographic analysis (based on quantum mechanics, general relativity, thermodynamics, and Shannon information theory) treats the nine charged fundamental fermions (three leptons and six quarks) as spheres. The analysis specifies charged fundamental fermion masses by five fundamental constants: Planck’s constant
, gravitational constant
, fine structure constant
, cosmological constant
, and vacuum energy fraction
.
References
[1]
Bousso, R. (2002) The Holographic Principle. Reviews of Modern Physics, 74, 825-874. https://doi.org/10.1103/revmodphys.74.825
[2]
Navas, S., etal. (2024) The Review of Particle Physics. Physical Review D, 110, Article 030001.
[3]
Mongan, T. (2022) Electron Mass Is Specified by Five Fundamental Constants, , and , from Quantum Mechanics and General Relativity. Journal of Modern Physics, 13, 1519-1524. https://doi.org/10.4236/jmp.2022.1312093
[4]
Nickalls, R.W.D. (1993) A New Approach to Solving the Cubic: Cardan’s Solution Revealed. The Mathematical Gazette, 77, 354-359. https://doi.org/10.2307/3619777
[5]
Charry, J. and Tkatchenko, A. (2024) Van der Waals Radii of Free and Bonded Atoms from Hydrogen (Z = 1) to Oganesson (Z = 118). Journal of Chemical Theory and Computation, 20, 7469-7478. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jctc.4c00784