Background: Environmental pollutants are exogenous compounds that can cause disturbances, have multiple harmful effects on health by targeting different human body organs and systems. Environmental pollutants are responsible of hormonal disrupting causing chronic non-communicable diseases, such as neurological disorders, hormonal cancers, reduced fertility and respiratory diseases. The aim of the study was to characterize the chemicals compounds in atmospheric and their potential health effects on people in Burkina Faso, West Africa. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from 4 June to 9 August 2024 at two major’s towns in Burkina Faso (Ouagadougou and Bobo-Dioulasso). GRIMM EDM 107 was used to measure in real time the Particulate Matter (PM) PM10, PM2.5 and Total Suspended Particles in ambient air. Data analysis and graphing were performed using R and SPSS software. Binary logistic regression reports different proportion. Results: Survey data showed that the highest incidence of respiratory illnesses was bronchitis (3%), followed by asthma (2%). The populations that live or work in an environment with heavy pollution (smoke, dust, industrial emissions) are 27%. Percentages of non-standard values compared with PM10 and PM2.5 WHO reference values show PM10 (78.88% Ouagadougou vs. 60.63% Bobo-Dioulasso) and PM2.5 (54.79% Ouagadougou vs. 40.52% Bobo-Dioulasso). Furthermore, a significant increase in activities in the city centre can lead to an increased risk of developing certain diseases due to PM10 (OR = 0.906; 95% CI: 0.857 - 0.958 with p < 0.0001 Ouagadougou vs. OR = 20.497; 95% CI: 18.803 - 22.344 with p < 0.0001 Bobo-Dioulasso), PM2.5 (OR = 4.353; 95% CI: 4.095 - 4.626 with p = 0.503 Ouagadougou vs. OR = 9.039; 95% CI: 8.344 - 9.793 with p < 0.0001 Bobo-Dioulasso). Conclusion: This study shows it emerged that the concentrations of airborne particles at all the sites in Ouagadougou were higher than at all the sites in Bobo-Dioulasso. These concentrations are well above the WHO standard of 25 μg？m？3 for PM2.5 and 50 μg？m？3 for PM10 in some places and depending on the site.
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