电子证据合法性与排除规则的优化路径——基于数字权利视角
Optimization Path of Legality and Exclusion Rules for Electronic Evidence—From the Perspective of Digital Rights

由于电子证据的无形性、易篡改性及其收集过程中的技术复杂性，现行的非法证据排除规则在适用电子数据时常常面临挑战，难以实现预期的法律效果。随着公民数字权利的日益发展，数字人权等理念逐渐兴起，电子数据不仅关系到有效追诉犯罪，也涉及被追诉人的人身、财产等重要权益。因此，如何在这一过程中平衡电子证据的合法性与真实性尤为重要。文章对我国现行电子证据合法性审查与排除规则进行制度分析，探讨相关规则在立法和司法实践中的不足，随后通过对比国外司法实践，提出将电子证据纳入非法证据排除规则，并从取证主体和取证程序两个角度提出完善电子证据审查标准的建议，以期为我国电子证据制度的法治化建设提供参考。
The intangible nature, susceptibility to tampering, and technological dependence of electronic evidence have led to a lack of systematic standards for reviewing its legality in current legislation, making the exclusionary rule for illegal evidence difficult to effectively apply to electronic data. With the growing development of digital rights and the emergence of concepts like digital human rights, electronic data not only pertains to the effective prosecution of crimes but also involves important rights and interests of the accused, such as personal and property rights. Therefore, balancing the legality and authenticity of electronic evidence in this process is crucial. Based on an institutional analysis of the current legality review and exclusionary rules for electronic evidence in China, this paper explores their shortcomings in legislation and judicial practice. By comparing international judicial practices, it suggests incorporating electronic evidence into the exclusionary rule for illegal evidence and improving the standards for reviewing electronic evidence from the perspectives of the evidence collector and the collection procedure, with the aim of providing a reference for the rule of law in China’s electronic evidence system.