关于我国《票据法》第18条制度的思考
Reflections on the System of Article 18 of “Bills of Exchange Law” of China

中国现行票据法律体系中，第十八条确立的票据利益返还制度自实施以来始终面临学界的理论争议。该制度作为协调商事交易效率与民事公平的特殊救济机制，其制度设计的合理性需要通过法理层面的系统阐释得以证成。当前亟待解决的核心问题在于：首先应当从法律属性层面明确其作为特殊债权的本质特征；其次需针对现行规范中存在的法理基础模糊、要件构成失衡等结构性缺陷，结合大陆法系国家的成熟立法例，构建符合我国商事实践需求的改良方案。具体制度完善应当聚焦三个维度：在适用条件方面需细化法定情形，在责任主体层面应合理限缩义务人范围，在返还标准方面则需建立梯度化的计量规则。
In China’s current legal system of bills, the system of return of interests in bills established in Article 18 has always faced theoretical disputes in academic circles since its implementation. As a special relief mechanism to coordinate the efficiency of commercial transactions and civil justice, the rationality of the system design needs to be proved through systematic interpretation at the level of jurisprudence. The core issues to be resolved at present are: firstly, the legal attributes should be clarified as the essential characteristics of special claims; secondly, the existing norms should be aimed at the existing legal basis of ambiguity, the elements of the composition of the structural defects such as imbalance, combined with the mature legislation of the civil law system countries, to build the improvement program in line with the needs of China’s commercial practice. The improvement of the specific system should focus on three dimensions: refinement of the legal situation in terms of the conditions of application, reasonable restriction of the scope of the obligor at the level of the subject of responsibility, and establishment of gradient measurement rules in terms of the return standard.