全部 标题 作者
关键词 摘要

OALib Journal期刊
ISSN: 2333-9721
费用：99美元
投递稿件

查看量下载量

相关文章

更多...

Development of Sustainable Geopolymer Binders Using Clay and Laterite from Burkina Faso with GGBFS: A Path towards Hybrid Solutions for Low-Carbon Construction

DOI: 10.4236/msa.2025.164012, PP. 208-230

Keywords: Clay, Laterite, Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBFS), Geopolymer Paste, Low-Carbon Binders

Full-Text   Cite this paper   Add to My Lib

Abstract:

The reduction of carbon emissions from traditional cement materials, particularly Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC), remains a critical environmental challenge. This study explores the potential of locally sourced clays and laterites from Burkina Faso in the development of geopolymers as sustainable alternatives to conventional binders. The objective is to create geopolymers hardenable at room temperature using metakaolin derived from clay and laterite, while evaluating the influence of incorporating Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBFS) at varying levels. Different geopolymers formulations were investigated: binders based solely on clay and laterite, and two enhanced with 5% and 10% GGBFS, respectively. Microstructural analyses, including X-ray diffraction (XRD), mercury intrusion porosimetry, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (IRFT), were conducted to assess the stability and performance of the formulations. The results reveal the formation of amorphous mineral phases, as well as a significant improvement in mechanical strength reaching 300% and 160% respectively for clay and laterite-based formulations, following the incorporation of 10% GGBFS, compared to formulations without GGBFS. In addition, a reduction in porosity of the order of 28% for clay formulations and 45% for hybrid clay/laterite formulations was observed with the addition of 10% GGBFS compared to formulations without this addition. Geopolymers based on Burkina Faso’s clay and laterite, with or without GGBFS, demonstrate strong potential as low-carbon alternatives to OPC.

 References

[1]  Eliang, J. (2023) UN Environment Programme. In: Idowu, S.O., Schmidpeter, R., Capaldi, N., Zu, L., Del Baldo, M. and Abreu, R., Eds., Encyclopedia of Sustainable Management, Springer, 3802.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-25984-5_302264.
[2]  Benhelal, E., Zahedi, G., Shamsaei, E. and Bahadori, A. (2013) Global Strategies and Potentials to Curb CO2 Emissions in Cement Industry. Journal of Cleaner Production, 51, 142-161.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2012.10.049
[3]  Mudgal, V. and Chellasamy, A. (2024) Growth of Indian Cement Industry, Its Environment Impact and Emerging Alternatives. Indian Journal of Engineering and Materials Sciences, 31, 38-50.
[4]  Singh, N.B., Kumar, M. and Rai, S. (2020) Geopolymer Cement and Concrete: Properties. Materials Today: Proceedings, 29, 743-748.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.04.513
[5]  Okoye, F.N. (2017) Geopolymer Binder: A Veritable Alternative to Portland Cement. Materials Today: Proceedings, 4, 5599-5604.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2017.06.017
[6]  Amar, M., Ladduri, B., Alloul, A., Benzerzour, M. and Abriak, N. (2024) Geopolymer Synthesis and Performance Paving the Way for Greener Building Material: A Comprehensive Study. Case Studies in Construction Materials, 20, e03280.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscm.2024.e03280
[7]  Chub-Uppakarn, T., Chompoorat, T., Thepumong, T., Sae-Long, W., Khamplod, A. and Chaiprapat, S. (2023) Influence of Partial Substitution of Metakaolin by Palm Oil Fuel Ash and Alumina Waste Ash on Compressive Strength and Microstructure in Metakaolin-Based Geopolymer Mortar. Case Studies in Construction Materials, 19, e02519.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscm.2023.e02519
[8]  Bajpai, R., Choudhary, K., Srivastava, A., Sangwan, K.S. and Singh, M. (2020) Environmental Impact Assessment of Fly Ash and Silica Fume Based Geopolymer Concrete. Journal of Cleaner Production, 254, Article 120147.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.120147
[9]  Wang, Q., Zhang, R., Xu, H., Li, M. and Fang, Z. (2023) Study on Mechanical Properties and Microstructure of Fly-Ash-Based Geopolymer for Solidifying Waste Mud. Construction and Building Materials, 409, Article 134176.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2023.134176
[10]  Jamil, N.H., Abdullah, M.M.A.B., Che Pa, F., Mohamad, H., W. Ibrahim, W.M.A. and Chaiprapa, J. (2020) Influences of SiO2, Al2O3, CaO and MgO in Phase Transformation of Sintered Kaolin-Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag Geopolymer. Journal of Materials Research and Technology, 9, 14922-14932.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2020.10.045
[11]  Jamil, N., Abdullah, M., Ibrahim, W., Rahim, R., Sandu, A., Vizureanu, P., et al. (2022) Effect of Sintering Parameters on Microstructural Evolution of Low Sintered Geopolymer Based on Kaolin and Ground-Granulated Blast-Furnace Slag. Crystals, 12, Article 1553.
https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst12111553
[12]  Abdullah, M.M.A.B., Ming, L.Y., Yong, H.C. and Tahir, M.F.M. (2018) Clay-Based Materials in Geopolymer Technology. In: Saleh, H.E.-D.M. and Rahman, R.O.A., Eds., Cement Based Materials, InTech, 239-264.
https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.74438
[13]  Vahab, N.A., Deepa, R.S. and Soman, M. (2024) A Review on Microstructural, Mechanical, and Durability Characteristics of Raw Kaolin Clay-Based Geopolymers. AIP Conference Proceedings, 3010, Article 020006.
https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0193543
[14]  Lekshmi, S., Sudhakumar, J. and Thomas, S. (2023) Application of Clay in Geopolymer System: A State-of-the-Art Review. Materials Today: Proceedings, In Press.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2023.04.083
[15]  Nkwaju, R.Y., Nouping, J.N.F., Bachirou, S., Abo, T.M., Deutou, J.G.N. and Djobo, J.N.Y. (2023) Effective Stabilization of Cadmium and Copper in Iron-Rich Laterite-Based Geopolymers and Influence on Physical Properties. Materials, 16, Article 7605.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16247605
[16]  Poudeu, R.C., Ekani, C.J., Djangang, C.N. and Blanchart, P. (2019) Role of Heat-Treated Laterite on the Strengthening of Geopolymer Designed with Laterite as Solid Precursor. Annales de Chimie-Science des Matériaux, 43, 359-367.
https://doi.org/10.18280/acsm.430601
[17]  Tahmasebi Yamchelou, M., Law, D., Brkljača, R., Gunasekara, C., Li, J. and Patnaikuni, I. (2021) Geopolymer Synthesis Using Low-Grade Clays. Construction and Building Materials, 268, Article 121066.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.121066
[18]  Nana, A., Alomayri, T.S., Venyite, P., Kaze, R.C., Assaedi, H.S., Nobouassia, C.B., et al. (2022) Mechanical Properties and Microstructure of a Metakaolin-Based Inorganic Polymer Mortar Reinforced with Quartz Sand. Silicon, 14, 263-274.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12633-020-00816-4
[19]  Wyss, U. (2005) La construction en “ matériaux locaux ” état d’un secteur à potentiel multiple. Direction du Développement et de la Coopération Suisse, 77.
[20]  Sore, S.O., Messan, A., Prud’homme, E., Escadeillas, G. and Tsobnang, F. (2016) Synthesis and Characterization of Geopolymer Binders Based on Local Materials from Burkina Faso—Metakaolin and Rice Husk Ash. Construction and Building Materials, 124, 301-311.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.07.102
[21]  Cyriaque Kaze, R., Naghizadeh, A., Tchadjie, L., Adesina, A., Noel Yankwa Djobo, J., Deutou Nemaleu, J.G., et al. (2022) Lateritic Soils Based Geopolymer Materials: A Review. Construction and Building Materials, 344, Article 128157.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2022.128157
[22]  Mathew, G. and Issac, B.M. (2020) Effect of Molarity of Sodium Hydroxide on the Aluminosilicate Content in Laterite Aggregate of Laterised Geopolymer Concrete. Journal of Building Engineering, 32, Article 101486.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2020.101486
[23]  Alloul, A., Amar, M., Benzerzour, M. and Abriak, N. (2023) Geopolymer Mortar with Flash-Calcined Sediments Cured under Ambient Conditions. Construction and Building Materials, 391, Article 131809.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2023.131809
[24]  Alloul, A., Amar, M., Benzerzour, M. and Abriak, N. (2023) A Comparative Analysis of Ambient-Cured Metakaolin Geopolymer Mortar and Flash-Calcined Soil Geopolymer. Construction and Building Materials, 409, Article 134085.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2023.134085
[25]  (2016) Methods of Testing Cement. Part 1: Determination of Strength. AFNOR Editions.
https://www.boutique.afnor.org/en-gb/standard/nf-en-1961/methods-of-testing-cement-part-1-determination-of-strength/fa184622/57803
[26]  Bowles, J.F.W. (1997) R.M. Cornell and U. Schwertmann The Iron Oxides: Structure, Properties Reactions Occurrence and Uses. Weinheim and New York (VCH Verlagsgeseiischaft mbH). 1996, xxxi + 573 pp. Price DM 328.00. ISBN 3-527-28576-8. Mineralogical Magazine, 61, 740-741.
https://doi.org/10.1180/minmag.1997.061.408.20
[27]  Dah-Traoré, Y., Zerbo, L., Seynou, M. and Ouedraogo, R. (2018) Mechanical, Microstructural and Mineralogical Analyses of Porous Clay Pots Elaborated with Rice Husks. Journal of Minerals and Materials Characterization and Engineering, 6, 257-270.
https://doi.org/10.4236/jmmce.2018.63019
[28]  Sanou, S., Sanou, I., Ouedraogo, M., Bamogo, H., Gnoumou, L.V.L., Millogo, Y., et al. (2023) Stabilization of a Lateric Clay from Burkina Faso with Cement-Metakaolin for an Application in Road Construction. Journal of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, 11, 1-20.
https://doi.org/10.4236/msce.2023.116001
[29]  Ramadji, C., Messan, A., Sore, S.O., Prud’homme, E. and Nshimiyimana, P. (2022) Microstructural Analysis of the Reactivity Parameters of Calcined Clays. Sustainability, 14, Article 2308.
https://doi.org/10.3390/su14042308
[30]  McKeown, D.A. (2005) Raman Spectroscopy and Vibrational Analyses of Albite: From 25 °C through the Melting Temperature. American Mineralogist, 90, 1506-1517.
https://doi.org/10.2138/am.2005.1726
[31]  Seynou, M., Millogo, Y., Zerbo, L., Sanou, I., Ganon, F., Ouedraogo, R., et al. (2016) Production and Characterization of Pozzolan with Raw Clay from Burkina Faso. Journal of Minerals and Materials Characterization and Engineering, 4, 195-209.
https://doi.org/10.4236/jmmce.2016.43018
[32]  Elimbi, A., Tchakoute, H.K., Kondoh, M. and Dika Manga, J. (2014) Thermal Behavior and Characteristics of Fired Geopolymers Produced from Local Cameroonian Metakaolin. Ceramics International, 40, 4515-4520.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2013.08.126
[33]  Tchakoute Kouamo, H., Elimbi, A., Mbey, J.A., Ngally Sabouang, C.J. and Njopwouo, D. (2012) The Effect of Adding Alumina-Oxide to Metakaolin and Volcanic Ash on Geopolymer Products: A Comparative Study. Construction and Building Materials, 35, 960-969.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2012.04.023
[34]  Finocchiaro, C., Barone, G., Mazzoleni, P., Leonelli, C., Gharzouni, A. and Rossignol, S. (2020) FT-IR Study of Early Stages of Alkali Activated Materials Based on Pyroclastic Deposits (Mt. Etna, Sicily, Italy) Using Two Different Alkaline Solutions. Construction and Building Materials, 262, Article 120095.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.120095
[35]  Emmerich, K. (2000) Spontaneous Rehydroxylation of a Dehydroxylated Cis-Vacant Montmorillonite. Clays and Clay Minerals, 48, 405-408.
https://doi.org/10.1346/ccmn.2000.0480312
[36]  Castelein, O., Soulestin, B., Bonnet, J.P. and Blanchart, P. (2001) The Influence of Heating Rate on the Thermal Behaviour and Mullite Formation from a Kaolin Raw Material. Ceramics International, 27, 517-522.
https://doi.org/10.1016/s0272-8842(00)00110-3
[37]  Wolska, E. and Schwertmann, U. (1989) Selective X-Ray Line Broadening in the Goethite-Derivedhematite Phase. Physica Status Solidi (a), 114, K11-K16.
https://doi.org/10.1002/pssa.2211140148
[38]  Davidovits, J. (1991) Geopolymers. Journal of Thermal Analysis, 37, 1633-1656.
https://doi.org/10.1007/bf01912193
[39]  Zhang, W., Hama, Y. and Na, S.H. (2015) Drying Shrinkage and Microstructure Characteristics of Mortar Incorporating Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag and Shrinkage Reducing Admixture. Construction and Building Materials, 93, 267-277.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.05.103
[40]  Ishikawa, K., Yoshioka, T., Sato, T. and Okuwaki, A. (1997) Solubility of Hematite in LioH, NaOH and KOH Solutions. Hydrometallurgy, 45, 129-135.
https://doi.org/10.1016/s0304-386x(96)00068-0
[41]  Rathanasalam, V., Perumalsami, J. and Jayakumar, K. (2020) Characteristics of Blended Geopolymer Concrete Using Ultrafine Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag and Copper Slag. Annales de Chimie-Science des Matériaux, 44, 433-439.
https://doi.org/10.18280/acsm.440610
[42]  Bernal, S.A., Rodríguez, E.D., Mejía de Gutiérrez, R., Gordillo, M. and Provis, J.L. (2011) Mechanical and Thermal Characterisation of Geopolymers Based on Silicate-Activated Metakaolin/Slag Blends. Journal of Materials Science, 46, 5477-5486.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-011-5490-z
[43]  Rodrigue Kaze, C., Ninla Lemougna, P., Alomayri, T., Assaedi, H., Adesina, A., Kumar Das, S., et al. (2021) Characterization and Performance Evaluation of Laterite Based Geopolymer Binder Cured at Different Temperatures. Construction and Building Materials, 270, Article 121443.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.121443
[44]  Steveson, M. and Sagoe-Crentsil, K. (2005) Relationships between Composition, Structure and Strength of Inorganic Polymers. Journal of Materials Science, 40, 2023-2036.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-005-1226-2
[45]  Ozer, I. and Soyer-Uzun, S. (2015) Relations between the Structural Characteristics and Compressive Strength in Metakaolin Based Geopolymers with Different Molar Si/Al Ratios. Ceramics International, 41, 10192-10198.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2015.04.125
[46]  Palomo, A., Blanco-Varela, M.T., Granizo, M.L., Puertas, F., Vazquez, T. and Grutzeck, M.W. (1999) Chemical Stability of Cementitious Materials Based on Metakaolin. Cement and Concrete Research, 29, 997-1004.
https://doi.org/10.1016/s0008-8846(99)00074-5
[47]  Collins, F. and Sanjayan, J.G. (2001) Microcracking and Strength Development of Alkali Activated Slag Concrete. Cement and Concrete Composites, 23, 345-352.
https://doi.org/10.1016/s0958-9465(01)00003-8
[48]  Duxson, P., Provis, J.L., Lukey, G.C. and van Deventer, J.S.J. (2007) The Role of Inorganic Polymer Technology in the Development of ‘Green Concrete’. Cement and Concrete Research, 37, 1590-1597.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2007.08.018
[49]  Aiken, T.A., Kwasny, J., Sha, W. and Soutsos, M.N. (2018) Effect of Slag Content and Activator Dosage on the Resistance of Fly Ash Geopolymer Binders to Sulfuric Acid Attack. Cement and Concrete Research, 111, 23-40.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2018.06.011
[50]  Bekiaris, G., Peltre, C., Barsberg, S.T., Bruun, S., Sørensen, K.M., Engelsen, S.B., et al. (2020) Three Different Fourier‐Transform Mid‐Infrared Sampling Techniques to Characterize Bio‐Organic Samples. Journal of Environmental Quality, 49, 1310-1321.
https://doi.org/10.1002/jeq2.20106
[51]  Djobo, J.N.Y., Elimbi, A., Tchakouté, H.K. and Kumar, S. (2016) Reactivity of Volcanic Ash in Alkaline Medium, Microstructural and Strength Characteristics of Resulting Geopolymers under Different Synthesis Conditions. Journal of Materials Science, 51, 10301-10317.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-016-0257-1
[52]  Tchadjié, L.N., Djobo, J.N.Y., Ranjbar, N., Tchakouté, H.K., Kenne, B.B.D., Elimbi, A., et al. (2016) Potential of Using Granite Waste as Raw Material for Geopolymer Synthesis. Ceramics International, 42, 3046-3055.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2015.10.091
[53]  Robayo-Salazar, R.A., Mejía de Gutiérrez, R. and Puertas, F. (2016) Effect of Metakaolin on Natural Volcanic Pozzolan-Based Geopolymer Cement. Applied Clay Science, 132, 491-497.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2016.07.020
[54]  Kalinkin, A.M., Gurevich, B.I., Myshenkov, M.S., Chislov, M.V., Kalinkina, E.V., Zvereva, I.A., et al. (2020) Synthesis of Fly Ash-Based Geopolymers: Effect of Calcite Addition and Mechanical Activation. Minerals, 10, Article 827.
https://doi.org/10.3390/min10090827
[55]  Dupuy, C., Gharzouni, A., Sobrados, I., Tessier-Doyen, N., Texier-Mandoki, N., Bourbon, X., et al. (2020) Formulation of an Alkali-Activated Grout Based on Callovo-Oxfordian Argillite for an Application in Geological Radioactive Waste Disposal. Construction and Building Materials, 232, Article 117170.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.117170
[56]  Simão, L., Fernandes, E., Hotza, D., Ribeiro, M.J., Montedo, O.R.K. and Raupp-Pereira, F. (2021) Controlling Efflorescence in Geopolymers: A New Approach. Case Studies in Construction Materials, 15, e00740.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscm.2021.e00740
[57]  Provis, J.L. and Van Deventer, J.S.J. (2009) Geopolymers: Structures, Processing, Properties and Industrial Applications. Woodhead Publishing.
https://doi.org/10.1533/9781845696382
[58]  Shi, C., Roy, D. and Krivenko, P. (2003) Alkali-Activated Cements and Concretes. CRC Press.
https://doi.org/10.1201/9781482266900.
[59]  Liang, G., Liu, T., Li, H. and Wu, K. (2022) Shrinkage Mitigation, Strength Enhancement and Microstructure Improvement of Alkali-Activated Slag/Fly Ash Binders by Ultrafine Waste Concrete Powder. Composites Part B: Engineering, 231, Article 109570.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2021.109570
[60]  Sun, Z. and Vollpracht, A. (2018) Isothermal Calorimetry and In-Situ XRD Study of the NaOH Activated Fly Ash, Metakaolin and Slag. Cement and Concrete Research, 103, 110-122.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2017.10.004
[61]  Chithiraputhiran, S. and Neithalath, N. (2013) Isothermal Reaction Kinetics and Temperature Dependence of Alkali Activation of Slag, Fly Ash and Their Blends. Construction and Building Materials, 45, 233-242.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.03.061
[62]  Liang, G., Yao, W. and She, A. (2023) New Insights into the Early-Age Reaction Kinetics of Metakaolin Geopolymer by 1H Low-Field NMR and Isothermal Calorimetry. Cement and Concrete Composites, 137, Article 104932.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2023.104932
[63]  Cai, J., Li, X., Tan, J. and Vandevyvere, B. (2020) Thermal and Compressive Behaviors of Fly Ash and Metakaolin-Based Geopolymer. Journal of Building Engineering, 30, Article 101307.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2020.101307
[64]  Kumar, S., Kumar, R. and Mehrotra, S.P. (2010) Influence of Granulated Blast Furnace Slag on the Reaction, Structure and Properties of Fly Ash Based Geopolymer. Journal of Materials Science, 45, 607-615.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-009-3934-5
[65]  Yao, X., Zhang, Z., Zhu, H. and Chen, Y. (2009) Geopolymerization Process of Alkali-Metakaolinite Characterized by Isothermal Calorimetry. Thermochimica Acta, 493, 49-54.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tca.2009.04.002

Full-Text

Contact Us

service@oalib.com

QQ:3279437679

WhatsApp +8615387084133