This study assesses sanitation in public places in the rural commune of Béré, Burkina Faso, and proposes improvements. The diagnosis reveals a glaring lack of infrastructure: the majority of markets (88%), mosques (61%), churches (53%), and many schools (22%) lack latrines, and those that exist are often in poor condition, dirty, and poorly maintained. The lack of greywater management and poor hygiene practices, with over 80% of users not washing their hands, exacerbate the situation. The study recommends a gradual approach: in the short term, funds need to be raised and local awareness increased. In the medium term, the construction of sanitation infrastructure that complies with standards is planned, with the involvement of the local population and stakeholders in the sanitation sector. Finally, in the long term, information, education, and communication initiatives will be implemented to bring about lasting behavioral changes. The estimated cost of these solutions is approximately 886,749,549 CFA francs, to be financed by contributions and community work. The study highlights the urgent need to improve sanitation in Béré through an integrated approach combining emergency action, investment, and awareness-raising.
References
[1]
Biruk, A.F. (2017) Waste Management in the Case of Bahir Dar City near Lake Tana Shore in Northwestern Ethiopia: A Review. AfricanJournalofEnvironmentalScienceandTechnology, 11, 393-412. https://doi.org/10.5897/ajest2017.2340
[2]
Okesanya, O.J., Eshun, G., Ukoaka, B.M., Manirambona, E., Olabode, O.N., Adesola, R.O., et al. (2024) Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH) Practices in Africa: Exploring the Effects on Public Health and Sustainable Development Plans. TropicalMedicineandHealth, 52, Article No. 68. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41182-024-00614-3
[3]
Simos, J., Naissem, F.B., Naissem, J., Maïga Sokona, F., Konongo, J.d.D., Sani, A., et al. (2017) Healthy Cities in Africa: A Continent of Difference. In: de Leeuw, E. and Simos, J., Eds., HealthyCities, Springer, 89-132. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-6694-3_6
[4]
Adu-Gyamfi, S. (2018) Religion and Sanitation in a City in Ghana: A Conundrum? BhatterCollegeJournalofMultidisciplinaryStudies, 8, 1-26.
[5]
Ngure, F., Gelli, A., Becquey, E., Ganaba, R., Headey, D., Huybregts, L., et al. (2019) Exposure to Livestock Feces and Water Quality, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH) Conditions among Caregivers and Young Children: Formative Research in Rural Burkina Faso. TheAmericanJournalofTropicalMedicineandHygiene, 100, 998-1004. https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.18-0333
[6]
Kouassi, H.A.A., Andrianisa, H.A., Sossou, S.K., Traoré, M.B. and Nguematio, R.M. (2023) Sustainability of Facilities Built under the Community-Led Total Sanitation (CLTS) Implementation: Moving from Basic to Safe Facilities on the Sanitation Ladder. PLOSONE, 18, e0293395. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0293395
[7]
Kouassi, H.A.A., Andrianisa, H.A., Traoré, M.B., Sossou, S.K., Nguematio, R.M. and Djambou, M.D. (2023) Acceptance Factors for the Social Norms Promoted by the Community-Led Total Sanitation (CLTS) Approach in the Rural Areas: Case Study of the Central-Western Region of Burkina Faso. Sustainability, 15, Article No. 11945. https://doi.org/10.3390/su151511945
[8]
Commune of Béré (2008) Communal Development Plan (PCD) of the Municipality of Béré Horizon 2013. 47 p.
[9]
National Institute of Statistics and Demography (INSD) (2019) General Population and Housing Census (RGPH). Ministry of Economy, Finance and Planning, 400 p.
[10]
Sodoré, A.A., Kambiret, O.A.E., Dahani, D. and Zoungrana, T.P. (2021) Strategies for Municipal Management of the Public Drinking Water Service in the Commune of Béré in Burkina Faso. RevuedeGéographieTropicaleetd’Environnement, 2, 88-103.
[11]
Ministry of Water and Sanitation (MEA) (2019) Decree No 2019-0320/PRES/PM/MEA/MINEFID/MATDC/MEEVCC/MS Defining Standards, Criteria and Indicators for Access to Sanitation. 18 p.
[12]
Public Procurement Regulatory Authority (ARCOP) (2022) Mercuriale of Prices. 91 p.
[13]
Temgoua, E., Meli, V.M., Mekui, M. and Ndongson, B. (2019) Role of Decentralized Territorial Authorities in the Sustainability of Water and Sanitation Services in Non-Concessioned Areas: Case of the Municipality of Dschang. InternationalJournalofBiologicalandChemicalSciences, 13, 122-132. https://doi.org/10.4314/ijbcs.v13i5.10s
[14]
Drakenberg, O. and Nilsson, D. (2015) Human Rights to Water and Sanitation in Burkina Faso: Assessing Human Rights and Use of Human Rights-Based Approaches in Theory and Practice. Göteborgs Miljövetenskapliga Centrum, GMV, 58 p.
[15]
Adams, J., Bartram, J., Chartier, Y. and Sims, J. (2009) Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Standards for Schools in Low-Cost Settings. World Health Organization, 41 p.
[16]
Bolay, J. (2019) Convoluted Urban Planning: Koudougou, a Poor African City. In: Urban Planning against Poverty, Ed., FutureCity, Springer International Publishing, 83-119. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-28419-0_4
[17]
Monvois, J., Gabert, J., Frenoux, C.M. and Guillaume, M. (2010) How to Select Ap-propriate Technical Solutions for Sanitation. Methodological Guide, GRET & PS-Eau.
[18]
Alam, M.U., Yeasmin, F., Sarker, S., Naser, A.M., Huda, T.M., Ahmed, H. and Unicomb, L. (2017) Water Sanitation and Hygiene Status in the Neighbourhood of oM., Bendjemil, S., Rosenfeld, J. and Berggren, R. (2016) Community Health Clubs for Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Improvement in Rural Burkina Faso. AnnalsofGlobalHealth, 82, 495-496. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aogh.2016.04.352
[19]
Lompo, P., Heroes, A., Ouédraogo, K., Okitale, P., Wakpo, A., Kalema, J., et al. (2024) Knowledge, Awareness, and Risk Practices Related to Bacterial Contamination of Antiseptics, Disinfectants, and Hand Hygiene Products among Healthcare Workers in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Cross-Sectional Survey in Three Tertiary Care Hospitals (Benin, Burkina Faso, and DR Congo). AntimicrobialResistance&InfectionControl, 13, 44-60. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13756-024-01396-3
[20]
Reddy, B.S. and Snehalatha, M. (2011) Sanitation and Personal Hygiene: What Does It Mean to Poor and Vulnerable Women? IndianJournalofGenderStudies, 18, 381-404. https://doi.org/10.1177/097152151101800305
[21]
Kouévi, T.A., Okry, F.K., Kpangon, H., Kouévi, A.C., Amoukpo, H., Hounkpatin, L., et al. (2024) Designing Gender-Specific Toilet and Urinal Needs Calculation Templates for Rural and Urban Schools: Lessons from the Republic of Benin. EuropeanScientificJournal, ESJ, 20, 101-126. https://doi.org/10.19044/esj.2024.v20n2p101
[22]
Ministry of Territorial Administration and Decentralization (MATD) (2014). Decree No 2014-932/PRES/PM/MATD/MEAHA/MME/MEF/MFPTSS of 10 October 2014 on the Modalities for the Transfer of Powers and Resources from the State to the Municipalities in the Field of Water and Electricity. MATD.
[23]
General Directorate for Sanitation (DGA) (2022) Technical and Financial Reference Framework for Approved Non-Collective Wastewater and Excreta Sanitation Systems and Structures in Burkina Faso. Ministry of the Environment, Water and Sanitation (MEEA).
[24]
Gabert, J., Santi, M., Oddo, S., Ily, J.M. and LeJeune, T. (2018) The Sanitation Handbook. GRET. http://memento-assainissement.gret.org
[25]
Mara, D. and Evans, B. (2017) The Sanitation and Hygiene Targets of the Sustainable Development Goals: Scope and Challenges. JournalofWater, SanitationandHygieneforDevelopment, 8, 1-16. https://doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2017.048
[26]
Dovonou, F.E., Adjimehossou, F.R., Kindoho, M., Atchichoe, W.N. and Azonhe, T. (2022) Basic Sanitation Problem: Contribution to Environmental Health Education in Vekky (Sô Ava). JournalofAppliedBiosciences, 174, 18069-18092. https://doi.org/10.35759/jabs.174.5
[27]
Bongartz, P., Vernon, N. and Fox, J. (2016) Sustainable Sanitation for All: Experiences, Challenges, and Innovations. Practical Action Publishing Limited. http://dx.doi.org/10.3362/9781780449272
[28]
Bouraima, Z. (2017) Sociology of Sanitation: Latinization, Social Representations of Actions Logis in Middle Size Cities in Burkina Faso. PhD Thesis, University of Toulouse. https://coilink.org/20.500.12592/56xrg6y
[29]
Uthkarsh, P.S. (2022) Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Status in the Schools of a District in Karnataka. IndianJournalofPublicHealthResearch&Development, 13, 151-155. https://doi.org/10.37506/ijphrd.v13i3.18188
[30]
Bongartz, P., Vernon, N. and Fox, J. (2016) Sustainable Sanitation for All: Experiences, Challenges, and Innovations. Practical Action Publishing Limited. http://dx.doi.org/10.3362/9781780449272
[31]
Bouraima, Z. (2017) Sociology of Sanitation: Latinization, Social Representations of Actions Logis in Middle Size Cities in Burkina Faso. PhD Thesis, University of Toulouse. https://coilink.org/20.500.12592/56xrg6y
[32]
Uthkarsh, P.S. (2022) Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Status in the Schools of a District in Karnataka. Indian Journal of Public Health Research & Development, 13, 151-155. https://doi.org/10.37506/ijphrd.v13i3.18188