Our idea for black holes, is using Torsion to form a cosmological constant. Planck sized black holes allow for a spin density term canceling Torsion. The formation of a cosmological constant is akin to use Torsion in order to obtain the cosmological constant, but in order to do so, we need a starting point as far as emergence of energy from the onset of the Big Bang. This paper is dedicated to that proposition, using Barbour shape formulation to obtain emergent energy values which are less disruptive to pre Planckian to Planckian physics than the usual paradigms. In particular, our emergent energy values are using Padmanabhan scalar field construction, combined with a modified HUP construction, which we then try to tie into black hole physics.
References
[1]
de Sabbata, V. and Sivaram, C. (1991) Torsion, Quantum Effects and the Problem of Cosmological Constant. In: Zichichi, A., Sabbata, V. and Sánchez, N., Eds., Gravitation and Modern Cosmology: The Cosmological Constants Problem, Springer, 19-36. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-0620-5_4
[2]
Beckwith, A. (2022) New Conservation Law as to Hubble Parameter, Squared Divided by Time Derivative of Inflaton in Early and Late Universe, Compared with Discussion of HUP in Pre-Planckian to Planckian Physics, and Relevance of Fifth Force Analysis to Gravitons and GW. In: Frajuca, C., Ed., Gravitational Waves—Theory and Observations, IntechOpen, 1-18. https://www.intechopen.com/online-first/1125889
[3]
Chavanis, P. (2014) Self-Gravitating Bose-Einstein Condensates. In: Calmet, X., Ed., Quantum Aspects of Black Holes, Springer International Publishing, 151-194. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-10852-0_6
[4]
Barbour, J. (2010) Shape Dynamics: An Introduction. In: Finster, F., Muller, O., Nardmann, M., Tolksdorf, J. and Zeidler, E., Eds., Quantum Field Theory and Gravity, Conceptual and Mathematical Advances in the Search for a Unified Framework, Springer-Verlag, 257-297.
[5]
Unruh, W.G. (1986) Why Study Quantum Theory? Canadian Journal of Physics, 64, 128-130. https://doi.org/10.1139/p86-019
[6]
Beckwith, A. (2015) Gedankenexperiment for Refining the Unruh Metric Tensor Uncertainty Principle via Schwartzshield Geometry and Planckian Space-Time with Initial Nonzero Entropy and Applying the Riemannian-Penrose Inequality and the Initial Kinetic Energy for a Lower Bound to the Graviton Mass. http://vixra.org/abs/1509.0173
[7]
Beckwith, A. (2015) NLED Gedankenexperiment for Initial Temperature, Particle Count, and Entropy Affected by Initial Degrees of Freedom in Early Universe Cosmology, with Two Cases, One Where Delta T Times Delta e = Hba and Another When It Doesn’t (Increases Initial Entropy). http://vixra.org/abs/1510.0363
[8]
Ringstrom, H. (2013) On the Topology and Future Stability of the Universe. Oxford Science Publications.
[9]
Beyer, W. (1990) CRC Standard Mathematical Tables. 28 Edition, CRC Press.
[10]
Padmanabhan, T. (2006) An Invitation to Astrophysics. World Scientific. https://doi.org/10.1142/6010
[11]
Kolb, E. and Turner, M. (1990) The Early Universe. Addison-Wesley Publishing Company.
[12]
Carlip, S. (n.d.) Black Hole Thermodynamics and Statistical Mechanics. In: Papantonopoulos, E., Ed., Physics of Black Holes: A Guided Tour, Springer, 89-123. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-88460-6_3
Wesson, P. (1980) The Application of Dimensional Analysis to Cosmology. Space Science Reviews, 27, 109-153. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00212237
[15]
Corda, C. (2023) Black Hole Spectra from Vaz’s Quantum Gravitational Collapse. Fortschritte der Physik, 2023, Article ID: 2300028. https://arxiv.org/abs/2305.02184
[16]
Cheng, T.-P. (2008) Relativity, Gravitation and Cosmology, a Basic Introduction. Ox-ford University Press.
[17]
Beckwith, A.W. (2024) How Torsion as Presented by De Sabbata and Sivaram in Erice 1990 Argument as Modified May Permit Cosmological Constant, and Baseline as to Dark Energy. Journal of High Energy Physics, Gravitation and Cosmology, 10, 138-148. https://doi.org/10.4236/jhepgc.2024.101012
[18]
Poplawski, N.J. (2009) Spacetime and Fields.
[19]
Sciama, D.W. (1964) The Physical Structure of General Relativity. Reviews of Modern Physics, 36, 463-469. https://doi.org/10.1103/revmodphys.36.463
[20]
de Sabbata, V. and Gasperini, G. (1989) Introduction to Gravitation. World Scientific.
[21]
Wesson, P.S. (2006) Five-Dimensional Physics—Classical and Quantum Consequences of Kaluza-Klein Cosmology. World Scientific Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1142/9789812774231
[22]
Casadio, R. and Giusti, A. (2021) Classicalizing Gravity. In: Saridakis, E.N., et al., Eds., Modified Gravity and Cosmology: An Update by the CANTATA Network, Springer International Publishing, 405-418. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-83715-0_27
[23]
Mohanty, S. (2020) Astroparticle Physics and Cosmology, Perspectives in the Multimessenger Era. Springer Nature.
[24]
Lüst, D. and Vleeshouwers, W. (2019) Black Holes. In: Lüst, D. and Vleeshouwers, W., Eds., Black Hole Information and Thermodynamics, Springer International Publishing, 21-24. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-10919-6_6
[25]
Ohanian, H.C. and Ruffini, R. (2013) Gravitation and Spacetime. 3rd Edition, Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9781139003391
[26]
Casadio, R. and Octavian Micu, O. (2024) Quantum Matter Core of Black Holes (and Quantum Hair). In: Joshi, P. and Malafarina, D., Eds., New Chapter in New Frontiers in Gravitational Collapse and Spacetime Singularities, Springer Singapore. arXiv:2303.14945v1 [gr-qc]
[27]
Wald, R.M. (1994) Quantum Field Theory in Curved Space-Time and Black Hole Thermo-Dynamics. University of Chicago Press.