The number of people with hair loss and thinning hair is increasing in Japan, regardless of age or sex, due to the aging of the population, advancement of women into the workforce, and increase in social stress. Hair loss and thinning have been attributed to genetic predisposition and hormonal imbalance; however, recent research has explored their relationship with environmental and psychological stress. Since 1981, we have been providing treatments focused on growing and nurturing hair in Japan, with the number of patients exceeding 2000 per year. We have conducted research on hair growth and regrowth for 40 years, focusing on factors such as hormonal imbalance, sebum, and stress, based on findings from our specialized manual treatments. In recent years, the number of patients taking finasteride has increased, and we have developed a treatment strategy to maximize its effectiveness. However, some patients either do not respond to the treatment or may not require the use of finasteride. In this study, we report on 1) cases in which efficacy was confirmed with manual treatment alone, 2) cases in which efficacy was confirmed with finasteride and manual treatment, 3) cases that did not respond to manual treatment and finasteride, and 4) cases with confirmed efficacy with continued treatment after discontinuation of finasteride.
References
[1]
Yoshino, T. (2005) Estrogen Controls the Expression of BMP-2 Gene through Beta-Type Estrogen Receptor. FragranceJournal: Research & Development for Cosmetics, Toiletries & Allied Industries, 33, 31-35. (In Japanese)
[2]
Banno, N. and Tsuda, Y. (2005) Promotion of Hair Growth by JIOU with the Combination of Antiandrogenic Effect and Improved Blood Circulation. FragranceJournal: Research & Development for Cosmetics, Toiletries & Allied Industries, 33, 73-78.
[3]
Arck, P.C., Slominski, A., Theoharides, T.C., Peters, E.M.J. and Paus, R. (2006) Neuroimmunology of Stress: Skin Takes Center Stage. JournalofInvestigativeDermatology, 126, 1697-1704. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.jid.5700104
[4]
Ito, N., Sugawara, K., Bodó, E., Takigawa, M., van Beek, N., Ito, T., et al. (2010) Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone Stimulates the in Situ Generation of Mast Cells from Precursors in the Human Hair Follicle Mesenchyme. JournalofInvestigativeDermatology, 130, 995-1004. https://doi.org/10.1038/jid.2009.387
[5]
Drake, L.A., Dinehart, S.M., Farmer, E.R., Goltz, R.W., Graham, G.F., Hordinsky, M.K., Lewis, C.W., et al. (1996) Guidelines of Care for Androgenetic Alopecia. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, 35, 465-469.
[6]
Olsen, E.A., Messenger, A.G., Shapiro, J., Bergfeld, W.F., Hordinsky, M.K., Roberts, J.L., et al. (2005) Evaluation and Treatment of Male and Female Pattern Hair Loss. JournaloftheAmericanAcademyofDermatology, 52, 301-311. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2004.04.008
[7]
Olsen, E.A. (2003) Current and Novel Methods for Assessing Efficacy of Hair Growth Promoters in Pattern Hair Loss. JournaloftheAmericanAcademyofDermatology, 48, 253-262. https://doi.org/10.1067/mjd.2003.81
[8]
Ogata, T. (1953) Development of Patterned Alopecia. SogoRinsho, 2, 101-106. (In Japanese)
[9]
Hamilton, J.B. (1942) Male Hormone Stimulation Is Prerequisite and an Incitant in Common Baldness. AmericanJournalofAnatomy, 71, 451-480. https://doi.org/10.1002/aja.1000710306
[10]
Severi, G., Sinclair, R., Hopper, J.L., English, D.R., McCredie, M.R.E., Boyle, P., et al. (2003) Androgenetic Alopecia in Men Aged 40-69 Years: Prevalence and Risk Factors. BritishJournalofDermatology, 149, 1207-1213. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.2003.05565.x
[11]
Itami, S. (2004) Pathomechanism of Androgenetic Alopecia and New Treatment. NipponRonenIgakkaiZasshi. JapaneseJournalofGeriatrics, 41, 598-600. https://doi.org/10.3143/geriatrics.41.598
[12]
Inui, S. and Itami, S. (2012) Androgen Actions on the Human Hair Follicle: Perspectives. ExperimentalDermatology, 22, 168-171. https://doi.org/10.1111/exd.12024
[13]
Li, R., Brockschmidt, F.F., Kiefer, A.K., Stefansson, H., Nyholt, D.R., Song, K., et al. (2012) Six Novel Susceptibility Loci for Early-Onset Androgenetic Alopecia and Their Unexpected Association with Common Diseases. PLOSGenetics, 8, e1002746. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1002746
[14]
Yap, C.X., Sidorenko, J., Wu, Y., Kemper, K.E., Yang, J., Wray, N.R., et al. (2018) Dissection of Genetic Variation and Evidence for Pleiotropy in Male Pattern Baldness. NatureCommunications, 9, Article No. 5407. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-07862-y
[15]
Heath, A.C., Nyholt, D.R., Gillespie, N.A. and Martin, N.G. (2003) Genetic Basis of Male Pattern Baldness. JournalofInvestigativeDermatology, 121, 1561-1564. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1747.2003.12615.x
[16]
Rexbye, H., Petersen, I., Iachina, M., Mortensen, J., McGue, M., Vaupel, J.W., et al. (2005) Hair Loss among Elderly Men: Etiology and Impact on Perceived Age. TheJournalsofGerontologySeriesA: BiologicalSciencesandMedicalSciences, 60, 1077-1082. https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/60.8.1077
[17]
Gatherwright, J., Liu, M.T., Amirlak, B., Gliniak, C., Totonchi, A. and Guyuron, B. (2013) The Contribution of Endogenous and Exogenous Factors to Male Alopecia: A Study of Identical Twins. PlasticandReconstructiveSurgery, 131, 794e-801e. https://doi.org/10.1097/prs.0b013e3182865ca9
[18]
Manabe, M., Tsuboi, R., Itami, S., Nagata, S., Amaha, Y., Ito, T., Inui, S., et al. (2017) Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Male-Pattern and Female-Pattern Hair Loss. The Journal of Dermatology, 127, 2763-2777. (In Japanese)
[19]
Drake, L., Hordinsky, M., Fiedler, V., Swinehart, J., Unger, W.P., Cotterill, P.C., et al. (1999) The Effects of Finasteride on Scalp Skin and Serum Androgen Levels in Men with Androgenetic Alopecia. JournaloftheAmericanAcademyofDermatology, 41, 550-554. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0190-9622(99)80051-6
[20]
Olsen, E.A., Hordinsky, M., Whiting, D., Stough, D., Hobbs, S., Ellis, M.L., et al. (2006) The Importance of Dual 5α-Reductase Inhibition in the Treatment of Male Pattern Hair Loss: Results of a Randomized Placebo-Controlled Study of Dutasteride versus Finasteride. JournaloftheAmericanAcademyofDermatology, 55, 1014-1023. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2006.05.007
[21]
Otomo, S. (2002) Hair Growth Effect of Minoxidil. FoliaPharmacologicaJaponica, 119, 167-174. https://doi.org/10.1254/fpj.119.167
[22]
Chanprapaph, K., Sutharaphan, T. and Suchonwanit, P. (2021) Scalp Biophysical Characteristics in Males with Androgenetic Alopecia: A Comparative Study with Healthy Controls. ClinicalInterventionsinAging, 16, 781-787. https://doi.org/10.2147/cia.s310178
[23]
Sakamoto, T., Nakamura, M. and Nakano, M. (1994) A Genetic Study on Female Hormones and Hair Thinning. FragranceJournal: Research & Developmentfor Cosmetics, Toiletries & Allied Industries, 22, 65-72. (In Japanese)
[24]
Fukuda, M. (2001) Dermatology in Cosmetic Science. JournaloftheJapanSocietyofColourMaterial, 74, 308-316. https://doi.org/10.4011/shikizai1937.74.308
[25]
Downing, D.T., Strauss, J.S. and Pochi, P.E. (1969) Variability in the Chemical Composition of Human Skin Surface Lipids. JournalofInvestigativeDermatology, 53, 322-327. https://doi.org/10.1038/jid.1969.157
[26]
Jacobsen, E., Billings, J.K., Frantz, R.A., Kinney, C.K., Stewart, M.E. and Downing, D.T. (1985) Age-Related Changes in Sebaceous Wax Ester Secretion Rates in Men and Women. JournalofInvestigativeDermatology, 85, 483-485. https://doi.org/10.1111/1523-1747.ep12277224
[27]
Strauss, J.S. and Pochi, P.E. (1968) The Changes in Human Sebaceous Gland Activity with Age. In: Baccaredda-Boy, A., Moretti, G. and Frey, J.R., Eds., International Symposium, Rapallo, July 1967, Proceedings: “Biopathology of Pattern Alopecia”, Karger, 166-170.
[28]
Pochi, P.E. and Strauss, J.S. (1969) Sebaceous Gland Response in Man to the Administration of Testosterone, Δ4-Androstenedione, and Dehydroisoandrosterone. JournalofInvestigativeDermatology, 52, 32-36. https://doi.org/10.1038/jid.1969.4
[29]
Giltay, E.J. and Gooren, L.J.G. (2000) Effects of Sex Steroid Deprivation/Administration on Hair Growth and Skin Sebum Production in Transsexual Males and Females. TheJournalofClinicalEndocrinology&Metabolism, 85, 2913-2921. https://doi.org/10.1210/jcem.85.8.6710
[30]
Gershbein, L.L. and Baburao, K. (1984) Multiple Discriminant Analysis of Fatty Acids from Male Scalp Hair Lipids. Fette, Seifen, Anstrichmittel, 86, 121-128. https://doi.org/10.1002/lipi.19840860310
[31]
Okajima, K. (2009) Hair-Growing Effect of a Saliva Component Sialic Acid: The Molecular Mechanism and Possible Therapeutic Application for Alopecia. Fragrance Journal: Research & Development for Cosmetics, Toiletries & Allied Industries, 37, 43-47. (In Japanese)
[32]
Okajima, K. and Harada, N. (2008) Promotion of Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I Production by Sensory Neuron Stimulation; Molecular Mechanism(s) and Therapeutic Implications. CurrentMedicinalChemistry, 15, 3095-3112. https://doi.org/10.2174/092986708786848604
[33]
Shanshanwal, S.S. and Dhurat, R. (2017) Superiority of Dutasteride over Finasteride in Hair Regrowth and Reversal of Miniaturization in Men with Androgenetic Alopecia: A Randomized Controlled Open-Label, Evaluator-Blinded Study. IndianJournalofDermatology, Venereology, andLeprology, 83, 47-54. https://doi.org/10.4103/0378-6323.188652
[34]
Leliefeld, H.H.J., Debruyne, F.M.J. and Reisman, Y. (2023) The Post-Finasteride Syndrome: Possible Etiological Mechanisms and Symptoms. InternationalJournalofImpotenceResearch. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41443-023-00759-5
[35]
Lueangarun, S., Visutjindaporn, P. and Parcharoen, Y. (2021) Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials of United States Food and Drug Administration-Approved, Home-Use, Low-Level Light/Laser Therapy Devices for Pattern Hair Loss: Device Design and Technology. The Journal of Clinical and Aesthetic Dermatology, 14, E64-E75.
[36]
Pillai, J. and Mysore, V. (2021) Role of Low-Level Light Therapy (LLLT) in Androgenetic Alopecia. JournalofCutaneousandAestheticSurgery, 14, 385-391. https://doi.org/10.4103/jcas.jcas_218_20
[37]
Egger, A., Resnik, S.R., Aickara, D., Maranda, E., Kaiser, M., Wikramanayake, T.C., et al. (2020) Examining the Safety and Efficacy of Low-Level Laser Therapy for Male and Female Pattern Hair Loss: A Review of the Literature. SkinAppendageDisorders, 6, 259-267. https://doi.org/10.1159/000509001
[38]
Afifi, L., Maranda, E.L., Zarei, M., Delcanto, G.M., Falto‐Aizpurua, L., Kluijfhout, W.P., et al. (2016) Low‐Level Laser Therapy as a Treatment for Androgenetic Alopecia. LasersinSurgeryandMedicine, 49, 27-39. https://doi.org/10.1002/lsm.22512
[39]
Revene, A. (2023) Hair Transplant: Procedures, Complications and Tips.
[40]
Arif, T., Dorjay, K., Adil, M. and Sami, M. (2017) Dutasteride in Androgenetic Alopecia: An Update. CurrentClinicalPharmacology, 12, 31-35. https://doi.org/10.2174/1574884712666170310111125
[41]
Zhou, Z., Song, S., Gao, Z., Wu, J., Ma, J. and Cui, Y. (2019) The Efficacy and Safety of Dutasteride Compared with Finasteride in Treating Men with Androgenetic Alopecia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. ClinicalInterventionsinAging, 14, 399-406. https://doi.org/10.2147/cia.s192435
[42]
Gupta, A.K., Talukder, M. and Williams, G. (2022) Comparison of Oral Minoxidil, Finasteride, and Dutasteride for Treating Androgenetic Alopecia. JournalofDermatologicalTreatment, 33, 2946-2962. https://doi.org/10.1080/09546634.2022.2109567
[43]
Emer, J. and Lauren Levy, L.L. (2013) Female Pattern Alopecia: Current Perspectives. InternationalJournalofWomen’sHealth, 5, 541-556. https://doi.org/10.2147/ijwh.s49337
[44]
Johnson, D.B. and Sonthalia, S. (2021) Defibrillation. StatPearls Publishing.
Zgonc Škulj, A., Poljšak, N., Kočevar Glavač, N. and Kreft, S. (2019) Herbal Preparations for the Treatment of Hair Loss. ArchivesofDermatologicalResearch, 312, 395-406. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00403-019-02003-x
[47]
Farris, P.K., Rogers, N., McMichael, A. and Kogan, S. (2017) A Novel Multi-Targeting Approach to Treating Hair Loss, Using Standardized Nutraceuticals. Journal of Drugs in Dermatology, 16, s141-s148.
[48]
Stevens, J. and Khetarpal, S. (2019) Platelet-Rich Plasma for Androgenetic Alopecia: A Review of the Literature and Proposed Treatment Protocol. InternationalJournalofWomen’sDermatology, 5, 46-51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijwd.2018.08.004
[49]
Gupta, A.K., Cole, J., Deutsch, D.P., Everts, P.A., Niedbalski, R.P., Panchaprateep, R., et al. (2019) Platelet-Rich Plasma as a Treatment for Androgenetic Alopecia. DermatologicSurgery, 45, 1262-1273. https://doi.org/10.1097/dss.0000000000001894
[50]
Gentile, P., Garcovich, S., Bielli, A., Scioli, M.G., Orlandi, A. and Cervelli, V. (2015) The Effect of Platelet-Rich Plasma in Hair Regrowth: A Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial. StemCellsTranslationalMedicine, 4, 1317-1323. https://doi.org/10.5966/sctm.2015-0107
[51]
Evans, A.G., Mwangi, J.M., Pope, R.W., Ivanic, M.G., Botros, M.A., Glassman, G.E., et al. (2020) Platelet-Rich Plasma as a Therapy for Androgenic Alopecia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. JournalofDermatologicalTreatment, 33, 498-511. https://doi.org/10.1080/09546634.2020.1770171
[52]
Giordano, S., Romeo, M., di Summa, P., Salval, A. and Lankinen, P. (2018) A Meta-Analysis on Evidence of Platelet-Rich Plasma for Androgenetic Alopecia. InternationalJournalofTrichology, 10, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.4103/ijt.ijt_74_16
[53]
Panda, B., Sharma, Y., Gupta, S. and Mohanty, S. (2021) Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes as an Emerging Paradigm for Regenerative Therapy and Nano-Medicine: A Comprehensive Review. Life, 11, Article No. 784. https://doi.org/10.3390/life11080784
[54]
Chahla, J., Cinque, M.E., Piuzzi, N.S., Mannava, S., Geeslin, A.G., Murray, I.R., et al. (2017) A Call for Standardization in Platelet-Rich Plasma Preparation Protocols and Composition Reporting: A Systematic Review of the Clinical Orthopaedic Literature. JournalofBoneandJointSurgery, 99, 1769-1779. https://doi.org/10.2106/jbjs.16.01374
[55]
Kost, Y., Muskat, A., Mhaimeed, N., Nazarian, R.S. and Kobets, K. (2022) Exosome Therapy in Hair Regeneration: A Literature Review of the Evidence, Challenges, and Future Opportunities. JournalofCosmeticDermatology, 21, 3226-3231. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocd.15008
[56]
Krane, N.A., Christofides, E.A. and Halaas, Y. (2021) Advances in Hair Restoration. CurrentOtorhinolaryngologyReports, 9, 436-441. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40136-021-00368-0
[57]
Gupta, A.K., Renaud, H.J. and Halaas, Y. (2020) Exosomes: A New Effective Non-Surgical Therapy for Androgenetic Alopecia? SKINmed, 18, 96-100.
[58]
Huh, C.-H. and Kwon, S.H. (2019) Exosome for Hair Regeneration: From Bench to Bedside. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, 81, AB62.
[59]
Yuan, A., Bian, Q. and Gao, J. (2020) Current Advances in Stem Cell-Based Therapies for Hair Regeneration. EuropeanJournalofPharmacology, 881, Article ID: 173197. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173197
[60]
Food and Drug Administration (2019) Summary Report on Antimicrobials Sold or Distributed for Use in Food-Producing Animals.
[61]
Ocampo‐Garza, S.S., Fabbrocini, G., Ocampo‐Candiani, J., Cinelli, E. and Villani, A. (2020) Micro Needling: A Novel Therapeutic Approach for Androgenetic Alopecia, a Review of Literature. DermatologicTherapy, 33, e14267. https://doi.org/10.1111/dth.14267
[62]
Dhurat, R., Sukesh, M., Avhad, G., Dandale, A., Pal, A. and Pund, P. (2013) A Randomized Evaluator Blinded Study of Effect of Microneedling in Androgenetic Alopecia: A Pilot Study. InternationalJournalofTrichology, 5, 6-11. https://doi.org/10.4103/0974-7753.114700
[63]
Faghihi, G., Nabavinejad, S., Mokhtari, F., Fatemi Naeini, F. and Iraji, F. (2020) Microneedling in Androgenetic Alopecia; Comparing Two Different Depths of Microneedles. JournalofCosmeticDermatology, 20, 1241-1247. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocd.13714
[64]
Neerja, P. (2020) A Study on the Efficacy of Microneedling with Minoxidil Solution versus Microneedling with Hair Multivitamin Solution for the Treatment of Androgenetic Alopecia. InternationalJournalofDermatologyandClinicalResearch, 6, 10-12. https://doi.org/10.17352/2455-8605.000037
[65]
Daruwalla, S.B., Dhurat, R.S. and Hamid, S.A.T. (2022) All That a Dermatotrichologist Needs to Know about Hair Camouflage: A Comprehensive Review. InternationalJournalofTrichology, 14, 77-83. https://doi.org/10.4103/ijt.ijt_6_21
[66]
Saed, S., Ibrahim, O. and Bergfeld, W.F. (2017) Hair Camouflage: A Comprehensive Review. InternationalJournalofWomen’sDermatology, 3, S75-S80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijwd.2017.02.016