Biomedical application represents great interest, in order to develop materials that must be biocompatible and suitable for use in the living tissue recovery or replacement when individual requires it. These materials must have characteristics similar to the tissue that will be replaced, in order to repair or improve living bone damaged tissue. In the current study, components resembled the bone constituents and collagen, casein, polymethylmethacrylate and mineral mixture were evaluated for their crystallinity properties suitable to certify the biomedical applications such as on bone damaged, using materials and supplies of alimentary grade. In the present work, results demonstrated a powder with high purity characteristics of powders according to X-ray diffraction patterns of the powders obtained comparing to the standard of pure HA hydroxyapatite. Diffractogram patterns of samples compared to hydroxyapatite and rat bone powders correspond to that of pure hydroxyapatite phase used as reference. These findings suggest that the used mixtures present adequate properties to guarantee their use of the materials, for medical applications, the selected components offer an interesting option to mixture for recovering of living tissues, such as bone damaged. The X-ray test is an excellent test for quality control. Non-impurity other than that was observed, ratifying the purity of these prepared samples, which were confirmed to be crystalline powder.
References
[1]
González, A. (2012) 1.5 X-Ray Crystallography: Data Collection Strategies and Resources. In: Egelman, E.H., Ed., Comprehensive Biophysics, Elsevier, 64-91. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-374920-8.00106-5
[2]
Mallayya, K., Straquadine, J., Krogstad, M.J., Bachmann, M.D., Singh, A.G., Osborn, R., et al. (2024) Bragg Glass Signatures in PdxErTe3 with X-Ray Diffraction Temperature Clustering. Nature Physics, 20, 822-829. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41567-023-02380-1
[3]
Schulte, J., Stöckermann, M. and Gebhardt, R. (2020) Influence of pH on the Stability and Structure of Single Casein Microparticles. Food Hydrocolloids, 105, Article ID: 105741. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodhyd.2020.105741
[4]
Holt, C., Carver, J.A., Ecroyd, H. and Thorn, D.C. (2013) Invited Review: Caseins and the Casein Micelle: Their Biological Functions, Structures, and Behavior in Foods. Journal of Dairy Science, 96, 6127-6146. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2013-6831
[5]
Wang, H., Di, L., Ren, Q. and Wang, J. (2009) Applications and Degradation of Proteins Used as Tissue Engineering Materials. Materials, 2, 613-635. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma2020613
[6]
Guo, M. and Wang, G. (2016) Milk Protein Polymer and Its Application in Environmentally Safe Adhesives. Polymers, 8, Article 324. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym8090324
[7]
Parenteau-Bareil, R., Gauvin, R. and Berthod, F. (2010) Collagen-Based Biomaterials for Tissue Engineering Applications. Materials, 3, 1863-1887. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma3031863
[8]
Avila Rodríguez, M.I., Rodríguez Barroso, L.G. and Sánchez, M.L. (2017) Collagen: A Review on Its Sources and Potential Cosmetic Applications. Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology, 17, 20-26. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocd.12450
[9]
Gómez-Guillén, M.C., Giménez, B., López-Caballero, M.E. and Montero, M.P. (2011) Functional and Bioactive Properties of Collagen and Gelatin from Alternative Sources: A Review. Food Hydrocolloids, 25, 1813-1827. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodhyd.2011.02.007
[10]
Chu, S., Wang, A.L., Bhattacharya, A. and Montclare, J.K. (2021) Protein Based Biomaterials for Therapeutic and Diagnostic Applications. Progress in Biomedical Engineering, 4, Article ID: 012003. https://doi.org/10.1088/2516-1091/ac2841
[11]
Guede, D., González, P. and Caeiro, J.R. (2013) Biomecánica y hueso (I): Conceptos básicos y ensayos mecánicos clásicos. Revista de Osteoporosis y Metabolismo Mineral, 5, 43-50. https://doi.org/10.4321/s1889-836x2013000100008
[12]
Austin, M.J. and Rosales, A.M. (2019) Tunable Biomaterials from Synthetic, Sequence-Controlled Polymers. Biomaterials Science, 7, 490-505. https://doi.org/10.1039/c8bm01215f
[13]
Rubio-Navarro, L., A. Fonseca-Hernandez, G. and Perez-Torrero, E. (2016) Long-Term Effects of Pre and Postnatal Food Restriction in Mechanical and Structural Properties of Rat Femur. Current Nutrition & Food Science, 12, 200-207. https://doi.org/10.2174/1573401312666160226000837
[14]
Travlos, G.S. (2006) Histopathology of Bone Marrow. Toxicologic Pathology, 34, 566-598. https://doi.org/10.1080/01926230600964706
[15]
Kartha, C.P. (2004) A Comparison of ISO 9000:2000 Quality System Standards, QS9000, ISO/TS 16949 and Baldrige Criteria. The TQM Magazine, 16, 331-340. https://doi.org/10.1108/09544780410551269
[16]
Aegerter, M.A., Leventis, N. and Koebel, M.M. (2011) Aerogels Handbook. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-7589-8
[17]
Ruksudjarit, A., Pengpat, K., Rujijanagul, G. and Tunkasiri, T. (2008) Synthesis and Characterization of Nanocrystalline Hydroxyapatite from Natural Bovine Bone. Current Applied Physics, 8, 270-272. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cap.2007.10.076
[18]
ZhiLi, D. (2022) Fundamentals of Crystallography, Powder X-Ray Diffraction, and Transmission Electron Microscopy for Materials Scientists. CRC Press. https://doi.org/10.1201/9780429351662
[19]
Odusote, J.K., Danyuo, Y., Baruwa, A.D. and Azeez, A.A. (2019) Synthesis and Characterization of Hydroxyapatite from Bovine Bone for Production of Dental Implants. Journal of Applied Biomaterials & Functional Materials, 17, 1-7.
[20]
Perez-Torrero, E., Luna-Rodriguez, L.E., Fonseca-Hernandez, G.A., Santos-Cruz, J., Rivera-Muñoz, E.M. and Gomez-Herrera, M.L. (2023) Synthesis and Characterization of a Polymeric Material Blended to Bone Forming Elements. Journal of Biosciences and Medicines, 11, 181-194. https://doi.org/10.4236/jbm.2023.119016