全部 标题 作者
关键词 摘要

OALib Journal期刊
ISSN: 2333-9721
费用:99美元

查看量下载量

相关文章

更多...

Creation of University or Academic Spin-Offs: A Study of Failure and Success Factors

DOI: 10.4236/tel.2025.152022, PP. 383-421

Keywords: Academic Spin-Off, University Spin-Off, Failure Factors, Success Factors

Full-Text   Cite this paper   Add to My Lib

Abstract:

Sharing knowledge produced by university research is still a complex activity, especially when it comes to commercial exploitation. One way to share this knowledge is through the creation of these university or academic spin-offs. In this context, this article aims to identify the main factors of failure and success related to the creation of these spin-offs, through a systematic review of the literature. The results of the research made it possible to understand what motivates the failure or success of university or academic spin-offs based on the concepts found in the literature that guides this article. In addition, the factors identified in this research provide valuable insights for the development of strategies that allow structuring initiatives for the creation of better targeted and successful spin-offs. Therefore, it is possible to conclude that, regardless of the number of success or failure factors found in each category, all have their due importance, to a greater or lesser degree, as they directly impact the creation and maintenance of university or academic spin-offs.

References

[1]  Bagchi-Sen, S., Baines, N., & Smith, H. L. (2020). Characteristics and Outputs of University Spin-Offs in the United Kingdom. International Regional Science Review, 45, 606-635.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0160017620925129
[2]  Baines, N., & Smith, H. L. (2019). Key Driving Factors for Product and Service Innovations in UK University Spin-offs. Industry and Higher Education, 33, 161-171.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0950422219825579
[3]  Bolzani, D., Rasmussen, E., & Fini, R. (2020). Spin‐Offs Linkages to Their Parent Universities over Time: The Performance Implications of Equity, Geographical Proximity, and Technological Ties. Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal, 15, 590-618.
https://doi.org/10.1002/sej.1359
[4]  Botelho, A. J. J., & Almeida, M. (2011). Overcoming Institutional Shortcomings for Academic Spin-Off Policies in Brazil. International Journal of Technology Management & Sustainable Development, 9, 175-193.
https://doi.org/10.1386/tmsd.9.3.175_1
[5]  Brazil (1988). Constitution of the Federative Republic of Brazil of 1988. Presidency of the Republic.
https://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/Constituicao/Constituicao.htm
[6]  Brazil (1996). Law No. 9,394 of 1996 Establishes the Guidelines and Bases of National Education.
https://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/leis/l9394.htm
[7]  Bruneel, J., Clarysse, B., Bobelyn, A., & Wright, M. (2020). Liquidity Events and VC-Backed Academic Spin-Offs: The Role of Search Alliances. Research Policy, 49, Article 104035.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2020.104035
[8]  Buratti, N., Profumo, G., & Persico, L. (2021). The Impact of Market Orientation on University Spin-Off Business Performance. Journal of International Entrepreneurship, 19, 104-129.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10843-020-00282-4
[9]  Calderón-Hernández, G., Jiménez-Zapata, Y. A., & Serna-Gomez, H. M. (2020). Barriers to University Spin-Off Creation in an Emerging Context: An Institutional Theory of Organizations Approach. Minerva, 58, 625-650.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11024-020-09407-4
[10]  Carayannis, E. G., Rogers, E. M., Kurihara, K., & Allbritton, M. M. (1998). High-Technology Spin-Offs from Government R & D Laboratories and Research Universities. Technovation, 18, 1-11.
https://doi.org/10.1016/s0166-4972(97)00101-6
[11]  Clarysse, B., Wright, M., & Van de Velde, E. (2011). Entrepreneurial Origin, Technological Knowledge, and the Growth of Spin‐Off Companies. Journal of Management Studies, 48, 1420-1442.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6486.2010.00991.x
[12]  Czakon, W., Jedynak, P., & Konopka-Cupiał, G. (2022). Trust and Distrust-Building Mechanisms in Academic Spin-Off Relationships with a Parent University. Studies in Higher Education, 47, 2056-2070.
https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2022.2122659
[13]  Czarnitzki, D., & Lopes-Bento, C. (2014). Innovation Subsidies: Does the Funding Source Matter for Innovation Intensity and Performance? Empirical Evidence from Germany. Industry and Innovation, 21, 380-409.
https://doi.org/10.1080/13662716.2014.973246
[14]  Fernández-Lopez, S., Rodeiro-Pazos, D., García González, F., & Rodríguez-Gulías, M. J. (2018). Determinants of High-Growth University Spin-Offs in Spain. Journal of Science and Technology Policy Management, 10, 890-904.
https://doi.org/10.1108/jstpm-03-2018-0027
[15]  Fini, R., Fu, K., Mathisen, M. T., Rasmussen, E., & Wright, M. (2017). Institutional Determinants of University Spin-Off Quantity and Quality: A Longitudinal, Multilevel, Cross-Country Study. Small Business Economics, 48, 361-391.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-016-9779-9
[16]  Fiorentino, R., Parmentola, A., Sapio, A., & Capurro, R. (2022). Entrepreneurial Team Heterogeneity and Performance of Academic Spin-Offs: A Pre and Postfoundation Analysis. Studies in Higher Education, 47, 2039-2055.
https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2022.2122658
[17]  Fontes, M. (2005). The Process of Transformation of Scientific and Technological Knowledge into Economic Value Conducted by Biotechnology Spin-Offs. Technovation, 25, 339-347.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.technovation.2003.08.004
[18]  FORMICT (2024) FORMICT Report, Base Year 2020: Intellectual Property Policy of Scientific, Technological and Innovation Institutions in Brazil.
https://www.gov.br/mcti/pt-br/acompanhe-o-mcti/propriedade-intelectual-e-transferencia-de-tecnologia/propriedade-intelectual-e-transferencia-de-tecnologia-relatorios
[19]  François, V., & Philippart, P. (2019). A University Spin-Off Launch Failure: Explanation by the Legitimation Process. The Journal of Technology Transfer, 44, 1188-1215.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10961-017-9648-y
[20]  Freitas, J. S., Gonçalves, C. A., Cheng, L. C., & Muniz, R. M. (2012). The Academic Spin-Off Phenomenon: Structuring A New Field of Research in Brazil. Review of Administration and Innovation-RAI, 8, 67-87.
https://doi.org/10.5773/rai.v8i4.698
[21]  Gómez Gras, J. M., Galiana Lapera, D. R., Mira Solves, I., Verdú Jover, A. J., & Sancho Azuar, J. (2008). An Empirical Approach to the Organisational Determinants of Spin-Off Creation in European Universities. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 4, 187-198.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11365-007-0061-0
[22]  Harrison, R. T., & Leitch, C. (2010). Voodoo Institution or Entrepreneurial University? Spin-Off Companies, the Entrepreneurial System and Regional Development in the UK. Regional Studies, 44, 1241-1262.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00343400903167912
[23]  Hayter, C. S., Lubynsky, R., & Maroulis, S. (2017). Who Is the Academic Entrepreneur? The Role of Graduate Students in the Development of University Spinoffs. The Journal of Technology Transfer, 42, 1237-1254.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10961-016-9470-y
[24]  Hossinger, S. M., Chen, X., & Werner, A. (2020). Drivers, Barriers and Success Factors of Academic Spin-Offs: A Systematic Literature Review. Management Review Quarterly, 70, 97-134.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11301-019-00161-w
[25]  Korpysa, J. (2018). Entrepreneurial Orientation of Academic Spin-Offs: Statistical Correlations. Problemy Zarzadzania, 1, 93-106.
https://doi.org/10.7172/1644-9584.81.5
[26]  Kulkov, I., Berggren, B., Eriksson, K., Hellström, M., & Wikstrom, K. (2019). The Importance of Financial Resources and Ownership of Intellectual Property Rights for University Spin-Offs: The Cases of Finland and Sweden. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 27, 1125-1147.
https://doi.org/10.1108/jsbed-09-2019-0308
[27]  León, M. C. R., Salazar, A. L., & Sánchez, R. M. (2022). Characterization of Technology-Based University Spin-Offs: The Case of a Public University in the State of Guanajuato. Management and Administrative Professional Review, 13, 23-47.
http://dx.doi.org/10.7769/gesec.v13i1.1246
[28]  Lockett, A., Siegel, D., Wright, M., & Ensley, M. D. (2005). The Creation of Spin-Off Firms at Public Research Institutions: Managerial and Policy Implications. Research Policy, 34, 981-993.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2005.05.010
[29]  Laage-Hellman, J., Lind, F., Öberg, C., & Shih, T. (2020). Interactions between University Spin-Offs and Academia: A Dynamic Perspective. Journal of Business & Industrial Marketing, 35, 1941-1955.
https://doi.org/10.1108/jbim-08-2019-0380
[30]  Macedo, M. (2022). Literature Reviews in Engineering and Knowledge Management. New Academic Editions.
[31]  Martínez-Martínez, S. L., Ventura, R., Cisneros Ruiz, A. J., & Diéguez-Soto, J. (2021). Is Academic Spin-Off Financing a Matter of Business and Growth Models? The Spanish Case. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, 28, 386-411.
https://doi.org/10.1108/ijebr-02-2021-0127
[32]  Mathisen, M. T., & Rasmussen, E. (2019). The Development, Growth, and Performance of University Spin-Offs: A Critical Review. The Journal of Technology Transfer, 44, 1891-1938.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10961-018-09714-9
[33]  MCTI (Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation) (2023). INCTI: National Indicators of Science, Technology and Innovation. Brasília: MCTI.
https://www.gov.br/mcti/pt-br/acompanhe-o-mcti/indicadores/paginas/publicacoes/arquivos/indicadores_cti_2022.pdf
[34]  Modina, M., Capalbo, F., Sorrentino, M., Ianiro, G., & Khan, M. F. (2024). Innovation Ecosystems: A Comparison between University Spin-Off Firms and Innovative Start-Ups. Evidence from Italy. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 20, 575-605.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11365-023-00857-2
[35]  Montiel-Campos, H. (2018). University Spin-Offs Creation in the Latin American Region. Journal of Entrepreneurship in Emerging Economies, 10, 386-408.
https://doi.org/10.1108/jeee-02-2018-0011
[36]  Munari, F., & Toschi, L. (2011). Do Venture Capitalists Have a Bias against Investment in Academic Spin-Offs? Evidence from the Micro and Nanotechnology Sector in the UK. Industrial and Corporate Change, 20, 397-432.
https://doi.org/10.1093/icc/dtq053
[37]  Muscio, A., Quaglione, D., & Ramaciotti, L. (2016). The Effects of University Rules on Spinoff Creation: The Case of Academia in Italy. Research Policy, 45, 1386-1396.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2016.04.011
[38]  Mustar, P., Renault, M., Colombo, M. G., Piva, E., Fontes, M., Lockett, A. et al. (2006). Conceptualising the Heterogeneity of Research-Based Spin-Offs: A Multi-Dimensional Taxonomy. Research Policy, 35, 289-308.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2005.11.001
[39]  Müller, K. (2010). Academic Spin-Off’s Transfer Speed—Analyzing the Time from Leaving University to Venture. Research Policy, 39, 189-199.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2009.12.001
[40]  Ndonzuau, F. N., Pirnay, F., & Surlemont, B. (2002). A Stage Model of Academic Spin-Off Creation. Technovation, 22, 281-289.
https://doi.org/10.1016/s0166-4972(01)00019-0
[41]  Nesello, P., Marques de Almeida Guerra, R., Machado Macedo, T., Ganzer, P. P., Camargo, M. E., & Munhoz Olea, P. (2019). Creation of Academic Spin-Offs: An Analysis of the Criteria Determining Performance Management and Development. Management and Development, 16, 33-57.
https://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=514262384003
[42]  Neves, M., & Franco, M. (2016). Academic Spin‐Off Creation: Barriers and How to Overcome Them. R&D Management, 48, 505-518.
https://doi.org/10.1111/radm.12231
[43]  O’Shea, R. P., Chugh, H., & Allen, T. J. (2008). Determinants and Consequences of University Spinoff Activity: A Conceptual Framework. The Journal of Technology Transfer, 33, 653-666.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10961-007-9060-0
[44]  Odei, S. A., & Stejskal, J. (2018). Factors Influencing Spin-Off Activities at Universities: Empirical Evidence from the United Kingdom. In XXI. mezinárodní kolokvium o regionálních vědách, Kurdějov, 13-15 června 2018 (pp. 117-124). Masarykova univerzita.
https://doi.org/10.5817/cz.muni.p210-8970-2018-14
[45]  OECD (2001). OECD Annual Report 2001. OECD Publishing.
https://doi.org/10.1787/annrep-2001-en
[46]  Oliveira, M. R. (2015). Model for Stimulating the Creation of Academic Spin-Offs Based on Innovative Ecosystems. Master’s Dissertation, Universidade Federal de São Carlos.
https://repositorio.ufscar.br/bitstream/handle/ufscar/3463/6831.pdf?sequence=1
[47]  Pimenta, A. R. (2017). Academic Spin-Offs and Knowledge Transfer: Case Study of the Spin-Offs of the University of Minho. Master’s Dissertation, Universidade do Minho: Escola de Economia e Gestão.
https://hdl.handle.net/1822/49810
[48]  Pirnay, F., Surlemont, B., & Nlemvo, F. (2003). Toward a Typology of University Spin-Offs. Small Business Economics, 21, 355-369.
https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1026167105153
[49]  Prencipe, A., Boffa, D., Papa, A., Corsi, C., & Mueller, J. (2023). Unmasking Intellectual Capital from Gender and Nationality Diversity on University Spin-Offs’ Boards: A Study on Non-Linear Effects Upon Firm Innovation. Journal of Intellectual Capital, 24, 257-282.
https://doi.org/10.1108/jic-08-2021-0207
[50]  Rubio, A. (2009). Spin-Off, the Centrifugal Force of Ideas: An Innovative Strategy. CEEI Business and Innovation Center of Valência.
https://ceeivalencia.emprenemjunts.es/?op=8&n=826
[51]  Santos, D. A., & Teixeira, R. M. (2012). The Process of Academic Spin-Off: Study of Multiple Cases of Incubated Companies of UFS. Innovation & Management Review, 9, 31-50.
https://doi.org/10.5773/rai.v1i1.955
[52]  Teppo, T. (2020). Factors Encouraging the Creation of Spin-Offs from Student Satellite Projects. In 2020 IEEE Aerospace Conference (pp. 1-16). IEEE.
https://doi.org/10.1109/aero47225.2020.9172451
[53]  The Time Higher Education (2022). Latin America University Rankings 2022: Methodology.
https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/latin-america-university-rankings-2022-methodology
[54]  Thomas, V. J., Bliemel, M., Shippam, C., & Maine, E. (2020). Endowing University Spin-Offs Pre-Formation: Entrepreneurial Capabilities for Scientist-Entrepreneurs. Technovation, 96, Article 102153.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.technovation.2020.102153
[55]  Torres, C. A., & Invernizzi, N. (2022). Spin-Offs acadêmicas e seus determinantes exógenos. Revista Brasileira de Inovação, 21, e022021.
https://doi.org/10.20396/rbi.v21i00.8666181
[56]  van Geenhuizen, M., & Soetanto, D. P. (2009). Academic Spin-Offs at Different Ages: A Case Study in Search of Key Obstacles to Growth. Technovation, 29, 671-681.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.technovation.2009.05.009
[57]  Vega-Gómez, F. I., Miranda González, F. J., & Pérez-Mayo, J. (2020). Analyzing the Effects of Institutional and Ecosystem-Level Variables on University Spin-Off Performance. Sage Open, 10, 1-14.
https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244020931116
[58]  Veltri, S., Puntillo, P., & Pierri, F. (2022). Investigating the Association between Universities Corporate Governance Structure and the Knowledge Transfer Performance Outcomes. IFAC-Papers Online, 54, 2021.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ifacol.2021.10.532
[59]  Vutsova, A., & Arabadzhieva, M. (2021). Academic Spin-Offs and Their Place in the Modern World Economy. IFAC-Papers Online, 54, 692-697.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ifacol.2021.10.532
[60]  Wennberg, K., Wiklund, J., & Wright, M. (2011). The Effectiveness of University Knowledge Spillovers: Performance Differences between University Spinoffs and Corporate Spinoffs. Research Policy, 40, 1128-1143.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2011.05.014
[61]  Yagüe-Perales, R. M., & March-Chordà, I. (2012). Performance Analysis of Research Spin-Offs in the Spanish Biotechnology Industry. Journal of Business Research, 65, 1782-1789.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2011.10.038
[62]  Zhang, J. (2009). The Performance of University Spin-Offs: An Exploratory Analysis Using Venture Capital Data. The Journal of Technology Transfer, 34, 255-285.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10961-008-9088-9
[63]  Zhou, Y., Xu, G., Su, J., & Minshall, T. (2011). Barriers to Entrepreneurial Growth: An Empirical Study on University Spin‐Offs in China. Journal of Science and Technology Policy in China, 2, 277-294.
https://doi.org/10.1108/17585521111167289

Full-Text

Contact Us

service@oalib.com

QQ:3279437679

WhatsApp +8615387084133