|
糖尿病合并血液透析患者血糖管理的最新进展
|
Abstract:
目前,糖尿病合并血液透析患者的血糖管理主要参考普通糖尿病患者的指南,国内尚无专门针对糖尿病合并血液透析患者血糖管理的指南或专家共识,大多数临床医师以自身经验进行相关患者的血糖管理。本文就糖尿病合并血液透析患者血糖管理的特殊性、血糖监测手段、降糖药物选择、个体化治疗等方面进行了总结,并着重介绍了最新的血糖监测手段及降糖药物,以期提供更多优化当前糖尿病合并血液透析患者血糖管理的思路。
At present, the glycemic management of hemodialysis patients with diabetes mellitus mainly refers to the guidelines for general diabetes mellitus patients, and there is no guideline or expert consensus in China specifically for glycemic management of hemodialysis patients with diabetes mellitus, and most clinicians carry out the glycemic management of the relevant patients with their own experience. This article summarizes the special features of glycemic management in hemodialysis patients with diabetes mellitus, means of glycemic monitoring, selection of hypoglycemic drugs, and individualized treatment. It highlights the newest means of glycemic monitoring and hypoglycemic drugs, in order to provide more ideas to optimize the current glycemic management in hemodialysis patients with diabetes mellitus.
[1] | Ong, K.L., Stafford, L.K., McLaughlin, S.A., et al. (2023) Global, Regional, and National Burden of Diabetes from 1990 to 2021, with Projections of Prevalence to 2050: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. The Lancet, 402, 203-234. |
[2] | Saran, R., Robinson, B., Abbott, K.C., et al. (2018) US Renal Data System 2017 Annual Data Report: Epidemiology of Kidney Disease in the United States. American Journal of Kidney Diseases, 71, A7. |
[3] | Ling, J., Ng, J.K.C., Chan, J.C.N. and Chow, E. (2022) Use of Continuous Glucose Monitoring in the Assessment and Management of Patients with Diabetes and Chronic Kidney Disease. Frontiers in Endocrinology, 13, Article 869899. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2022.869899 |
[4] | Rhee, C.M., Kovesdy, C.P., You, A.S., Sim, J.J., Soohoo, M., Streja, E., et al. (2018) Hypoglycemia-Related Hospitalizations and Mortality among Patients with Diabetes Transitioning to Dialysis. American Journal of Kidney Diseases, 72, 701-710. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.ajkd.2018.04.022 |
[5] | Abe, M. and Kalantar-Zadeh, K. (2015) Haemodialysis-Induced Hypoglycaemia and Glycaemic Disarrays. Nature Reviews Nephrology, 11, 302-313. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrneph.2015.38 |
[6] | Gianchandani, R.Y., Neupane, S., Iyengar, J.J. and Heung, M. (2017) Pathophysiology and Management of Hypoglycemiain End-Stage Renal Disease Patients: A Review. Endocrine Practice, 23, 353-362. https://doi.org/10.4158/ep161471.ra |
[7] | Gosmanov, A.R., Gosmanova, E.O. and Kovesdy, C.P. (2015) Evaluation and Management of Diabetic and Non-Diabetic Hypoglycemia in End-Stage Renal Disease. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation, 31, 8-15. https://doi.org/10.1093/ndt/gfv258 |
[8] | Rahhal, M., Gharaibeh, N.E., Rahimi, L. and Ismail-Beigi, F. (2019) Disturbances in Insulin-Glucose Metabolism in Patients with Advanced Renal Disease with and without Diabetes. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 104, 4949-4966. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2019-00286 |
[9] | Galindo, R.J., Beck, R.W., Scioscia, M.F., Umpierrez, G.E. and Tuttle, K.R. (2020) Glycemic Monitoring and Management in Advanced Chronic Kidney Disease. Endocrine Reviews, 41, 756-774. https://doi.org/10.1210/endrev/bnaa017 |
[10] | Klein, K.R., Pate, V., Assimon, M.M., Stürmer, T., Buse, J.B. and Flythe, J.E. (2022) Antihyperglycemic Medication Use among U.S. Adults with Hemodialysis-Dependent Kidney Disease and Comorbid Diabetes. Diabetes Care, 45, 126-128. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc22-0659 |
[11] | Chen, T.K., Knicely, D.H. and Grams, M.E. (2019) Chronic Kidney Disease Diagnosis and Management. Journal of the American Medical Association, 322, 1294-1304. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2019.14745 |
[12] | 蹇丽君, 张凌, 关明镜, 等. 含糖透析液对合并糖尿病的维持性血液透析患者血糖、血压和心率变异性的影响[J]. 西部医学, 2024, 36(5): 776-780. |
[13] | Kazempour-Ardebili, S., Lecamwasam, V.L., Dassanyake, T., Frankel, A.H., Tam, F.W.K., Dornhorst, A., et al. (2009) Assessing Glycemic Control in Maintenance Hemodialysis Patients with Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes Care, 32, 1137-1142. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc08-1688 |
[14] | Jin, Y., Su, X., Yin, G., Xu, X., Lou, J., Chen, J., et al. (2015) Blood Glucose Fluctuations in Hemodialysis Patients with End Stage Diabetic Nephropathy. Journal of Diabetes and its Complications, 29, 395-399. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2014.12.015 |
[15] | Sobngwi, E., Ashuntantang, G., Ndounia, E., Dehayem, M., Azabji-Kenfack, M., Kaze, F., et al. (2010) Continuous Interstitial Glucose Monitoring in Non-Diabetic Subjects with End-Stage Renal Disease Undergoing Maintenance Haemodialysis. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice, 90, 22-25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2010.06.001 |
[16] | Penckofer, S., Quinn, L., Byrn, M., Ferrans, C., Miller, M. and Strange, P. (2012) Does Glycemic Variability Impact Mood and Quality of Life? Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics, 14, 303-310. https://doi.org/10.1089/dia.2011.0191 |
[17] | Selvin, E., Rawlings, A.M., Grams, M., Klein, R., Steffes, M. and Coresh, J. (2014) Association of 1,5-Anhydroglucitol with Diabetes and Microvascular Conditions. Clinical Chemistry, 60, 1409-1418. https://doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2014.229427 |
[18] | Hirsch, I.B. (2015) Glycemic Variability and Diabetes Complications: Does It Matter? of Course It Does! Diabetes Care, 38, 1610-1614. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc14-2898 |
[19] | Ravi, R., Balasubramaniam, V., Kuppusamy, G. and Ponnusankar, S. (2021) Current Concepts and Clinical Importance of Glycemic Variability. Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research & Reviews, 15, 627-636. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsx.2021.03.004 |
[20] | Mo, Y., Lu, J. and Zhou, J. (2023) Glycemic Variability: Measurement, Target, Impact on Complications of Diabetes and Does It Really Matter? Journal of Diabetes Investigation, 15, 5-14. https://doi.org/10.1111/jdi.14112 |
[21] | Kalantar-Zadeh, K., Kopple, J.D., Regidor, D.L., Jing, J., Shinaberger, C.S., Aronovitz, J., et al. (2007) A1C and Survival in Maintenance Hemodialysis Patients. Diabetes Care, 30, 1049-1055. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc06-2127 |
[22] | Rossing, P., Caramori, M.L., Chan, J.C.N., Heerspink, H.J.L., Hurst, C., Khunti, K., et al. (2022) KDIGO 2022 Clinical Practice Guideline for Diabetes Management in Chronic Kidney Disease. Kidney International, 102, S1-S127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.kint.2022.06.008 |
[23] | Sinclair, A.J., Dashora, U., George, S. and Dhatariya, K. (2020) Joint British Diabetes Societies for Inpatient Care (JBDS-IP) Clinical Guideline Inpatient Care of the Frail Older Adult with Diabetes: An Executive Summary. Diabetic Medicine, 37, 1981-1991. https://doi.org/10.1111/dme.14341 |
[24] | Alalawi, F. and Bashier, A. (2021) Management of Diabetes Mellitus in Dialysis Patients: Obstacles and Challenges. Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research & Reviews, 15, 1025-1036. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsx.2021.05.007 |
[25] | Hoshino, J., Larkina, M., Karaboyas, A., Bieber, B.A., Ubara, Y., Takaichi, K., et al. (2017) Unique Hemoglobin A1c Level Distribution and Its Relationship with Mortality in Diabetic Hemodialysis Patients. Kidney International, 92, 497-503. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.kint.2017.02.008 |
[26] | Hill, C.J., Maxwell, A.P., Cardwell, C.R., Freedman, B.I., Tonelli, M., Emoto, M., et al. (2014) Glycated Hemoglobin and Risk of Death in Diabetic Patients Treated with Hemodialysis: A Meta-Analysis. American Journal of Kidney Diseases, 63, 84-94. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.ajkd.2013.06.020 |
[27] | Adler, A., Casula, A., Steenkamp, R., Fogarty, D., Wilkie, M., Tomlinson, L., et al. (2014) Association between Glycemia and Mortality in Diabetic Individuals on Renal Replacement Therapy in the U.K. Diabetes Care, 37, 1304-1311. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc13-0553 |
[28] | Coelho, S. (2015) What Is the Role of Hba1c in Diabetic Hemodialysis Patients? Seminars in Dialysis, 29, 19-23. https://doi.org/10.1111/sdi.12408 |
[29] | Battelino, T., Alexander, C.M., Amiel, S.A., Arreaza-Rubin, G., Beck, R.W., Bergenstal, R.M., et al. (2023) Continuous Glucose Monitoring and Metrics for Clinical Trials: An International Consensus Statement. The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology, 11, 42-57. https://doi.org/10.1016/s2213-8587(22)00319-9 |
[30] | Vaddiraju, S., Burgess, D.J., Tomazos, I., Jain, F.C. and Papadimitrakopoulos, F. (2010) Technologies for Continuous Glucose Monitoring: Current Problems and Future Promises. Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology, 4, 1540-1562. https://doi.org/10.1177/193229681000400632 |
[31] | Facchinetti, A. (2016) Continuous Glucose Monitoring Sensors: Past, Present and Future Algorithmic Challenges. Sensors, 16, Article 2093. https://doi.org/10.3390/s16122093 |
[32] | Shilo, S., Keshet, A., Rossman, H., Godneva, A., Talmor-Barkan, Y., Aviv, Y., et al. (2024) Continuous Glucose Monitoring and Intrapersonal Variability in Fasting Glucose. Nature Medicine, 30, 1424-1431. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-024-02908-9 |
[33] | Navaneethan, S.D., Zoungas, S., Caramori, M.L., Chan, J.C.N., Heerspink, H.J.L., Hurst, C., et al. (2023) Diabetes Management in Chronic Kidney Disease: Synopsis of the KDIGO 2022 Clinical Practice Guideline Update. Annals of Internal Medicine, 176, 381-387. https://doi.org/10.7326/m22-2904 |
[34] | Battelino, T., Danne, T., Bergenstal, R.M., Amiel, S.A., Beck, R., Biester, T., et al. (2019) Clinical Targets for Continuous Glucose Monitoring Data Interpretation: Recommendations from the International Consensus on Time in Range. Diabetes Care, 42, 1593-1603. https://doi.org/10.2337/dci19-0028 |
[35] | Chen, X., Duan, Y. and Zhou, Y. (2020) Effects of Hemodialysis and Peritoneal Dialysis on Glycometabolism in Patients with End-Stage Diabetic Nephropathy. Blood Purification, 50, 506-512. https://doi.org/10.1159/000511722 |
[36] | Zinman, B., Marso, S.P., Poulter, N.R., Emerson, S.S., Pieber, T.R., Pratley, R.E., et al. (2017) Day-to-Day Fasting Glycaemic Variability in DEVOTE: Associations with Severe Hypoglycaemia and Cardiovascular Outcomes (DEVOTE 2). Diabetologia, 61, 48-57. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-017-4423-z |
[37] | Pieber, T.R., Marso, S.P., McGuire, D.K., Zinman, B., Poulter, N.R., Emerson, S.S., et al. (2017) DEVOTE 3: Temporal Relationships between Severe Hypoglycaemia, Cardiovascular Outcomes and Mortality. Diabetologia, 61, 58-65. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-017-4422-0 |
[38] | Singhsakul, A., Supasyndh, O. and Satirapoj, B. (2019) Effectiveness of Dose Adjustment of Insulin in Type 2 Diabetes among Hemodialysis Patients with End-Stage Renal Disease: A Randomized Crossover Study. Journal of Diabetes Research, 2019, 1-5. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/6923543 |
[39] | Tumlinson, R., Blaine, E., Colvin, M., Haynes, T.G. and Whitley, H.P. (2021) 397-P: Insulin Dosing Adjustments in Patients with Diabetes on Peritoneal Dialysis or Hemodialysis: A Systematic Review of the Literature. Diabetes, 70, 397. https://doi.org/10.2337/db21-397-p |
[40] | Ebert, T., Sattar, N., Greig, M., Lamina, C., Froissart, M., Eckardt, K., et al. (2024) Use of Analog and Human Insulin in a European Hemodialysis Cohort with Type 2 Diabetes: Associations with Mortality, Hospitalization, MACE, and Hypoglycemia. American Journal of Kidney Diseases, 83, 18-27. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.ajkd.2023.05.010 |
[41] | Zoungas, S., de Galan, B.E., Ninomiya, T., Grobbee, D., Hamet, P., Heller, S., et al. (2009) Combined Effects of Routine Blood Pressure Lowering and Intensive Glucose Control on Macrovascular and Microvascular Outcomes in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes Care, 32, 2068-2074. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc09-0959 |
[42] | Wong, M.G., Perkovic, V., Chalmers, J., Woodward, M., Li, Q., Cooper, M.E., et al. (2016) Long-Term Benefits of Intensive Glucose Control for Preventing End-Stage Kidney Disease: Advance-On. Diabetes Care, 39, 694-700. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc15-2322 |
[43] | Flynn, C. and Bakris, G.L. (2013) Noninsulin Glucose-Lowering Agents for the Treatment of Patients on Dialysis. Nature Reviews Nephrology, 9, 147-153. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrneph.2013.12 |
[44] | Papaetis, G. (2022) Pioglitazone in Diabetic Kidney Disease: Forgotten but Not Gone. Archives of Medical Science—Atherosclerotic Diseases, 7, 78-93. https://doi.org/10.5114/amsad/151046 |
[45] | Padhi, S., Nayak, A.K. and Behera, A. (2020) Type II Diabetes Mellitus: A Review on Recent Drug Based Therapeutics. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, 131, Article 110708. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110708 |
[46] | Su, J., Luo, Y., Hu, S., Tang, L. and Ouyang, S. (2023) Advances in Research on Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Targets and Therapeutic Agents. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 24, Article 13381. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241713381 |
[47] | Zanchi, A., Tappy, L., Lê, K., Bortolotti, M., Theumann, N., Halabi, G., et al. (2014) Pioglitazone Improves Fat Distribution, the Adipokine Profile and Hepatic Insulin Sensitivity in Non-Diabetic End-Stage Renal Disease Subjects on Maintenance Dialysis: A Randomized Cross-Over Pilot Study. PLOS ONE, 9, e109134. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0109134 |
[48] | Cheng, H.S., Tan, W.R., Low, Z.S., Marvalim, C., Lee, J.Y.H. and Tan, N.S. (2019) Exploration and Development of PPAR Modulators in Health and Disease: An Update of Clinical Evidence. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 20, Article 5055. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20205055 |
[49] | Heerspink, H.J.L., Berger, S. and Gansevoort, R.T. (2023) Will SGLT2 Inhibitors Be Effective and Safe in Patients with Severe CKD, Dialysis, or Kidney Transplantation. Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, 18, 1500-1502. https://doi.org/10.2215/cjn.0000000000000221 |
[50] | Yen, F., Hwu, C., Liu, J., Wu, Y., Chong, K. and Hsu, C. (2024) Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter-2 Inhibitors and the Risk for Dialysis and Cardiovascular Disease in Patients with Stage 5 Chronic Kidney Disease. Annals of Internal Medicine, 177, 693-700. https://doi.org/10.7326/m23-1874 |
[51] | Solomon, J., Festa, M.C., Chatzizisis, Y.S., Samanta, R., Suri, R.S. and Mavrakanas, T.A. (2023) Sodium-Glucose Co-Transporter 2 Inhibitors in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease. Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 242, Article 108330. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pharmthera.2022.108330 |
[52] | Nauck, M.A. and Müller, T.D. (2023) Incretin Hormones and Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetologia, 66, 1780-1795. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-023-05956-x |
[53] | de Boer, I.H., Khunti, K., Sadusky, T., Tuttle, K.R., Neumiller, J.J., Rhee, C.M., et al. (2022) Diabetes Management in Chronic Kidney Disease: A Consensus Report by the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (Kdigo). Kidney International, 102, 974-989. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.kint.2022.08.012 |
[54] | Granhall, C., Søndergaard, F.L., Thomsen, M. and Anderson, T.W. (2018) Pharmacokinetics, Safety and Tolerability of Oral Semaglutide in Subjects with Renal Impairment. Clinical Pharmacokinetics, 57, 1571-1580. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40262-018-0649-2 |
[55] | Sourris, K.C., Ding, Y., Maxwell, S.S., Al-Sharea, A., Kantharidis, P., Mohan, M., et al. (2024) Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Signaling Modifies the Extent of Diabetic Kidney Disease through Dampening the Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products-Induced Inflammation. Kidney International, 105, 132-149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.kint.2023.09.029 |
[56] | Rossing, P., Caramori, M.L., Chan, J.C.N., Heerspink, H.J.L., Hurst, C., Khunti, K., et al. (2022) Executive Summary of the KDIGO 2022 Clinical Practice Guideline for Diabetes Management in Chronic Kidney Disease: An Update Based on Rapidly Emerging New Evidence. Kidney International, 102, 990-999. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.kint.2022.06.013 |
[57] | Caruso, I. and Giorgino, F. (2024) Renal Effects of GLP-1 Receptor Agonists and Tirzepatide in Individuals with Type 2 Diabetes: Seeds of a Promising Future. Endocrine, 84, 822-835. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12020-024-03757-9 |
[58] | Sarnak, M.J., Auguste, B.L., Brown, E., Chang, A.R., Chertow, G.M., Hannan, M., et al. (2022) Cardiovascular Effects of Home Dialysis Therapies: A Scientific Statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation, 146, e146-e164. https://doi.org/10.1161/cir.0000000000001088 |
[59] | Brown, E., Heerspink, H.J.L., Cuthbertson, D.J. and Wilding, J.P.H. (2021) SGLT2 Inhibitors and GLP-1 Receptor Agonists: Established and Emerging Indications. The Lancet, 398, 262-276. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(21)00536-5 |
[60] | Palmer, S.C., Tendal, B., Mustafa, R.A., et al. (2021) Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter Protein-2 (SGLT-2) Inhibitors and Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 (GLP-1) Receptor Agonists for Type 2 Diabetes: Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. British Medical Journal, 372, m4573. |
[61] | Rosenstock, J., Wysham, C., Frías, J.P., Kaneko, S., Lee, C.J., Fernández Landó, L., et al. (2021) Efficacy and Safety of a Novel Dual GIP and GLP-1 Receptor Agonist Tirzepatide in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes (SURPASS-1): A Double-Blind, Randomized, Phase 3 Trial. The Lancet, 398, 143-155. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(21)01324-6 |
[62] | Ludvik, B., Giorgino, F., Jódar, E., Frias, J.P., Fernández Landó, L., Brown, K., et al. (2021) Once-Weekly Tirzepatide versus Once-Daily Insulin Degludec as Add-On to Metformin with or without SGLT2 Inhibitors in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes (SURPASS-3): A Randomized, Open-Label, Parallel-Group, Phase 3 Trial. The Lancet, 398, 583-598. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(21)01443-4 |
[63] | Urva, S., Quinlan, T., Landry, J., Martin, J. and Loghin, C. (2021) Effects of Renal Impairment on the Pharmacokinetics of the Dual GIP and GLP-1 Receptor Agonist Tirzepatide. Clinical Pharmacokinetics, 60, 1049-1059. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40262-021-01012-2 |
[64] | Sinha, R., Papamargaritis, D., Sargeant, J.A. and Davies, M.J. (2023) Efficacy and Safety of Tirzepatide in Type 2 Diabetes and Obesity Management. Journal of Obesity & Metabolic Syndrome, 32, 25-45. https://doi.org/10.7570/jomes22067 |
[65] | Zhu, D., Gan, S., Liu, Y., Ma, J., Dong, X., Song, W., et al. (2018) Dorzagliatin Monotherapy in Chinese Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Dose-Ranging, Randomised, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Phase 2 Study. The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology, 6, 627-636. https://doi.org/10.1016/s2213-8587(18)30105-0 |
[66] | Toulis, K.A., Nirantharakumar, K., Pourzitaki, C., Barnett, A.H. and Tahrani, A.A. (2020) Glucokinase Activators for Type 2 Diabetes: Challenges and Future Developments. Drugs, 80, 467-475. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40265-020-01278-z |
[67] | Zhu, D., Li, X., Ma, J., Zeng, J., Gan, S., Dong, X., et al. (2022) Dorzagliatin in Drug-Naïve Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Phase 3 Trial. Nature Medicine, 28, 965-973. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-022-01802-6 |
[68] | Miao, J., Fu, P., Ren, S., Hu, C., Wang, Y., Jiao, C., et al. (2021) Effect of Renal Impairment on the Pharmacokinetics and Safety of Dorzagliatin, a Novel Dual-Acting Glucokinase Activator. Clinical and Translational Science, 15, 548-557. https://doi.org/10.1111/cts.13174 |
[69] | Chen, L., Zhang, J., Sun, Y., Zhao, Y., Liu, X., Fang, Z., et al. (2023) A Phase I Open-Label Clinical Trial to Study Drug-Drug Interactions of Dorzagliatin and Sitagliptin in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes and Obesity. Nature Communications, 14, Article No. 1405. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-36946-7 |
[70] | Konkwo, C. and Perry, R.J. (2020) Imeglimin: Current Development and Future Potential in Type 2 Diabetes. Drugs, 81, 185-190. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40265-020-01434-5 |
[71] | Prattichizzo, F., De Nigris, V., Spiga, R., Mancuso, E., La Sala, L., Antonicelli, R., et al. (2018) Inflammageing and Metaflammation: The Yin and Yang of Type 2 Diabetes. Ageing Research Reviews, 41, 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arr.2017.10.003 |
[72] | Galindo, R.J., Inselman, S.A., Umpierrez, G.E., Moazzami, B., Munoz Mendoza, J., Ali, M.K., et al. (2023) National Trends in Glucagon Prescriptions among U.S. Adults with Diabetes and End-Stage Kidney Disease Treated by Dialysis: 2013-2017. Diabetes Care, 46, e130-e132. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc23-0554 |
[73] | Carrero, J.J., González-Ortiz, A., Avesani, C.M., Bakker, S.J.L., Bellizzi, V., Chauveau, P., et al. (2020) Plant-Based Diets to Manage the Risks and Complications of Chronic Kidney Disease. Nature Reviews Nephrology, 16, 525-542. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41581-020-0297-2 |
[74] | Wang, A.Y., Sea, M.M., Ng, K., Wang, M., Chan, I.H., Lam, C.W., et al. (2019) Dietary Fiber Intake, Myocardial Injury, and Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events among End-Stage Kidney Disease Patients: A Prospective Cohort Study. Kidney International Reports, 4, 814-823. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ekir.2019.03.007 |
[75] | Sacks, D.B., Arnold, M., Bakris, G.L., Bruns, D.E., Horvath, A.R., Lernmark, Å., et al. (2023) Guidelines and Recommendations for Laboratory Analysis in the Diagnosis and Management of Diabetes Mellitus. Diabetes Care, 46, e151-e199. https://doi.org/10.2337/dci23-0036 |
[76] | Kojima, M., Hayano, J., Suzuki, S., Seno, H., Kasuga, H., Takahashi, H., et al. (2010) Depression, Alexithymia and Long-Term Mortality in Chronic Hemodialysis Patients. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 79, 303-311. https://doi.org/10.1159/000319311 |
[77] | Basiri, R., Seidu, B. and Cheskin, L.J. (2023) Key Nutrients for Optimal Blood Glucose Control and Mental Health in Individuals with Diabetes: A Review of the Evidence. Nutrients, 15, Article 3929. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15183929 |