从索恩–雷特尔到齐泽克——马克思商品分析的再发展
From Sohn-Rethel to Zizek—The Re-Development of Marx’s Commodity Analysis

马克思在《资本论》中将对商品的分析作为剖析资本主义的逻辑起点，是对古典政治经济学的批判性继承与超越。通过对商品内容与形式的辩证分析，马克思揭示了资本主义生产方式下商品拜物教的本质，对资本主义生产方式进行了批判。索恩–雷特尔和齐泽克分别从认识论和意识形态分析的角度，对马克思的商品分析进行了再发展，进一步深化了对资本主义生产方式和意识形态的批判。索恩–雷特尔提出“现实抽象”概念，探讨了抽象思维与现实社会结构的相互作用及其在资本主义理论体系构建中的作用。齐泽克结合拉康的精神分析理论，提出了一种新的意识形态批判方法，分析了资本主义意识形态的幻象及其对个体欲望和行为的操控机制。因此，对马克思商品分析及其再发展脉络进行深入探究，不仅丰富了研究资本主义的理论资源，也满足了对资本主义进行批判的现实需求。
In Capital, Marx regards the analysis of commodities as the logical starting point for the analysis of capitalism, which is a critical inheritance and transcendence of classical political economy. Through dialectical analysis of the content and form of commodities, Marx reveals the nature of commodity fetishism under the capitalist mode of production and criticizes the capitalist mode of production. Sohn-Rethel and Zizek redeveloped Marx’s commodity analysis from the Angle of epistemology and ideological analysis respectively, and further deepened their criticism of capitalist production mode and ideology. Sohn-Rethel put forward the concept of “real abstraction”, and discussed the interaction between abstract thinking and realistic social structure and its role in the construction of capitalist theoretical system. In combination with Lacan’s psychoanalytic theory, Zizek proposed a new method of ideological criticism, analyzing the illusion of capitalist ideology and its manipulation mechanism over individual desires and behaviors. Therefore, the in-depth exploration of Marx’s commodity analysis and its further development not only enriches the theoretical resources for the study of capitalism, but also satisfies the realistic needs of criticizing capitalism.