华北山区农作物种植业结构调整研究
Research on the Adjustment of Crop Planting Structure in the Mountainous Regions of North China

目的：梳理华北山区农作物种植结构的时空特征，发现归纳种植结构演变规律，以最大化乡村的经济收益为目标，探索不同作物在各类型地块上的最优种植面积分配。据此提出优化农作物种植结构的相关策略，以期为该区农业结构布局优化提供参考。方法：基于2000~2023年华北山区某村庄多种作物播种面积及种植耕地类型，对多年乡村农作物的种植数据进行整理与归纳。综合运用描述统计、模拟退火优化等方法，总结种植结构时空演变，探索最优作物面积分配。结果：1) 平旱地、山坡地、梯田主要种植小麦、玉米、谷子和黄豆，小麦占比最大，超过20%，其余作物占比较少。2) 水浇地约31%种水稻，第一季主种西红柿、豇豆，第二季主种大白菜、白萝卜。3) 普通大棚第一季主种小青菜、西红柿，小青菜占比超30%，第二季主种羊肚菌，占比43.75%，其余蔬菜占比较少。4) 智慧大棚第一、二季种植蔬菜作物以油麦菜为主。结论：华北山区农作物种植受销量、利润、土地类型、成本影响。种植结构显著影响农业发展，需合理调整以提升生产力和农民收入。
Objective: This study aims to systematically analyze the spatiotemporal characteristics of crop planting structure in the mountainous regions of North China, identify and summarize the evolution patterns of planting structure, and to explore the optimal allocation of crop planting areas on various types of land plots with the goal of maximizing rural economic benefits. Based on this, relevant strategies for optimizing crop planting structure are proposed, in order to provide reference for the optimization of agricultural structure layout in the region. Methods: Based on the planting area and cultivated land types of various crops in a village in Huabei Mountain District from 2000 to 2023, the planting data of rural crops for many years were sorted and summarized. By comprehensively utilizing descriptive statistics, simulated annealing optimization, and other methods, summarize the spatiotemporal evolution of planting structure and explore the optimal allocation of crop area. Results: 1) Flat dry land, hillside land, and terraced fields are mainly planted with wheat, corn, millet, and soybeans, with wheat accounting for the largest proportion, exceeding 20%, and other crops accounting for a relatively small proportion. 2) About 31% of irrigated land is planted with rice, with tomatoes and cowpeas being the main crops in the first season, and Chinese cabbage and white radish being the main crops in the second season. 3) In the first season of ordinary greenhouses, the main crops are small green vegetables and tomatoes, with small vegetables accounting for over 30% of the total. In the second season, the main crops are morel mushrooms, accounting for 43.75%, while the remaining vegetables account for a relatively small proportion. 4) The first and second seasons of planting vegetables in the smart greenhouse are mainly oilseed rape. Conclusion: Crop cultivation in the mountainous regions of North China is influenced by sales volume, profit, land type, and cost. The