生成式人工智能技术应用下未成年人数据权益保护的法治进路
Legal Approaches to Protecting Minors’ Data Rights and Interests in the Application of Generative Artificial Intelligence Technology

生成式人工智能技术的应用场景对保护未成年人的信息处理活动构成了新的法律挑战。这些挑战表现在四个层面上：数据处理实体的日益多样化、技术手段的隐蔽性、信息收集范围的过度扩大以及向智能决策目的的转变。中国目前的法律体系表现出制度瓶颈，包括规范等级制度的缺陷和缺乏专门的立法，导致法律保障不足和未成年人数据权益补救途径受阻的双重困境。解决方案在于构建一个分层和分类的数据治理框架，该框架将未成年人的数据处理纳入特殊保护制度，严格遵守儿童最大利益原则和相称性原则的双重监管基准。必须将社会主义核心价值观纳入跨多个维度的未成年人数据保护的全周期治理：立法结构、行政监督、公司合规和家庭学校合作。在司法补救层面，应建立过失责任推定原则，同时构建包括预防性在内的多样化救济机制禁令和惩罚性损害赔偿，从而全面保护未成年人的数据权益。
The application scenarios of generative artificial intelligence technologies pose novel legal challenges to the protection of minors’ information processing activities. These challenges manifest in four dimensions: the increasing diversification of data processing entities, the concealed nature of technical means, the excessive expansion of information collection scope beyond necessity, and the shift toward intelligent decision-making purposes. China’s current legal system exhibits institutional bottlenecks, including normative hierarchy deficiencies and the absence of specialized legislation, resulting in dual dilemmas of insufficient legal safeguards and obstructed remedy pathways for minors’ data rights and interests. The solution lies in constructing a hierarchical and categorized data governance framework that incorporates minors’ data processing into a special protection regime, strictly adhering to the dual regulatory benchmarks of the principle of the best interests of the child and the principle of proportionality. It is imperative to integrate socialist core values into the full-cycle governance of minors’ data protection across multiple dimensions: legislative structuring, administrative supervision, corporate compliance, and home-school collaboration. At the judicial remedy level, the presumption of fault liability principle should be established while constructing a diversified relief mechanism encompassing preventive injunctions and punitive damages, thereby achieving comprehensive safeguarding of minors’ data rights and interests.