全部 标题 作者
关键词 摘要

OALib Journal期刊
ISSN: 2333-9721
费用:99美元

查看量下载量

相关文章

更多...

The Mental Health of Essential Medical and Non-Medical Frontline Workers amidst the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Quantitative Comparative Study

DOI: 10.4236/ojmp.2025.142006, PP. 97-119

Keywords: Mental Health, COVID-19, Employee Well-Being, Workplace Support, Healthcare Workers

Full-Text   Cite this paper   Add to My Lib

Abstract:

The COVID-19 pandemic underscored the link between workplace conditions, mental health, and employee well-being. This study examined whether perceived supervisor support and fear of infection predicted depression scores among 339 participants using the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale (DASS). Hierarchical and multiple regression analyses revealed that supervisor support and fear of infection collectively explained 10.1% of the variance in depression scores (p < 0.01), with individual contributions of 2.1% (p < 0.05) and 3.3% (p < 0.01), respectively. Depression, anxiety, and stress collectively accounted for 4.2% of the variance in fear of infection (p < 0.01), with stress emerging as the strongest predictor (4.0%, p < 0.01). The sample predominantly comprised healthcare workers, highlighting their vulnerability during public health crises. While the variance explained was modest, all relationships were statistically significant, emphasizing the importance of workplace support systems. Practical implications include fostering supervisor support and implementing proactive mental health initiatives to reduce fear and depression, particularly in healthcare settings during emergencies.

References

[1]  World Health Organization (2023) Weekly Epidemiological Update on COVID-19.
https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/weekly-epidemiological-update-on-covid-19---19-january-2023
[2]  Honarmand, K., Yarnell, C.J., Young-Ritchie, C., Maunder, R., Priestap, F., Abdalla, M., et al. (2022) Personal, Professional, and Psychological Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Hospital Workers: A Cross-Sectional Survey. PLOS ONE, 17, e0263438.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0263438
[3]  Mehedi, N. and Ismail Hossain, M. (2022) Experiences of the Frontline Healthcare Professionals Amid the COVID-19 Health Hazard: A Phenomenological Investigation. INQUIRY: The Journal of Health Care Organization, Provision, and Financing, 59, 1-11.
https://doi.org/10.1177/00469580221111925
[4]  Dy, L.F. and Rabajante, J.F. (2020) A COVID-19 Infection Risk Model for Frontline Health Care Workers. Network Modeling Analysis in Health Informatics and Bioinformatics, 9, Article No. 57.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s13721-020-00258-3
[5]  De Kock, J.H., Latham, H.A., Leslie, S.J., Grindle, M., Munoz, S., Ellis, L., et al. (2021) A Rapid Review of the Impact of COVID-19 on the Mental Health of Healthcare Workers: Implications for Supporting Psychological Well-Being. BMC Public Health, 21, Article No. 104.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-10070-3
[6]  Søvold, L.E., Naslund, J.A., Kousoulis, A.A., Saxena, S., Qoronfleh, M.W., Grobler, C., et al. (2021) Prioritizing the Mental Health and Well-Being of Healthcare Workers: An Urgent Global Public Health Priority. Frontiers in Public Health, 9, Article 679397.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2021.679397
[7]  Pappa, S., Ntella, V., Giannakas, T., Giannakoulis, V.G., Papoutsi, E. and Katsaounou, P. (2020) Prevalence of Depression, Anxiety, and Insomnia among Healthcare Workers during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 88, 901-907.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.05.026
[8]  Shaukat, N., Ali, D.M. and Razzak, J. (2020) Physical and Mental Health Impacts of COVID-19 on Healthcare Workers: A Scoping Review. International Journal of Emergency Medicine, 13, Article No. 40.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12245-020-00299-5
[9]  Greenberg, N., Docherty, M., Gnanapragasam, S. and Wessely, S. (2020) Managing Mental Health Challenges Faced by Healthcare Workers during Covid-19 Pandemic. BMJ, 368, m1211.
https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m1211
[10]  Berry, L.L. and Stuart, B. (2020) An “essential Services” Workforce for Crisis Response. Journal of Public Policy & Marketing, 40, 92-93.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0743915620928111
[11]  Bakker, A.B. and Demerouti, E. (2014) Job Demands-Resources Theory. In: Chen, P.Y. and Cooper, C.L., Eds., Wellbeing: A Complete Reference Guide, Vol. 3, Wiley-Blackwell, 37-64.
https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118539415.wbwell019
[12]  McVicar, A. (2015) Scoping the Common Antecedents of Job Stress and Job Satisfaction for Nurses (2000-2013) Using the Job Demands-Resources Model of Stress. Journal of Nursing Management, 24, E112-E136.
https://doi.org/10.1111/jonm.12326
[13]  Montgomery, A., Spânu, F., Băban, A. and Panagopoulou, E. (2015) Job Demands, Burnout, and Engagement among Nurses: A Multi-Level Analysis of ORCAB Data Investigating the Moderating Effect of Teamwork. Burnout Research, 2, 71-79.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.burn.2015.06.001
[14]  Lovibond, S.H. and Lovibond, P.F. (1995) Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS-21, DASS-42). APA PsycTests.
https://doi.org/10.1037/t01004-000
[15]  Sritharan, J., Jegathesan, T., Vimaleswaran, D. and Sritharan, A. (2020) Mental Health Concerns of Frontline Workers during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Scoping Review. Global Journal of Health Science, 12, 89-105.
https://doi.org/10.5539/gjhs.v12n11p89
[16]  Woods, E.H., Zhang, Y., Roemer, E.C., Kent, K.B., Davis, M.F. and Goetzel, R.Z. (2023) Addressing Psychosocial, Organizational, and Environmental Stressors Emerging from the COVID-19 Pandemic and Their Effect on Essential Workers’ Mental Health and Well-Being. Journal of Occupational & Environmental Medicine, 65, 419-427.
https://doi.org/10.1097/jom.0000000000002802
[17]  Chutiyami, M., Bello, U.M., Salihu, D., Ndwiga, D., Kolo, M.A., Maharaj, R., et al. (2022) COVID-19 Pandemic-Related Mortality, Infection, Symptoms, Complications, Comorbidities, and Other Aspects of Physical Health among Healthcare Workers Globally: An Umbrella Review. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 129, Article 104211.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2022.104211
[18]  Manookian, A., Dehghan Nayeri, N. and Shahmari, M. (2022) Physical Problems of Prolonged Use of Personal Protective Equipment during the COVID‐19 Pandemic: A Scoping Review. Nursing Forum, 57, 874-884.
https://doi.org/10.1111/nuf.12735
[19]  Duan, L., Shao, X., Wang, Y., Huang, Y., Miao, J., Yang, X., et al. (2020) An Investigation of Mental Health Status of Children and Adolescents in China…. Journal of Affective Disorders, 275, 112-118.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.06.029
[20]  Gallagher, M.W., Zvolensky, M.J., Long, L.J., Rogers, A.H. and Garey, L. (2020) The Impact of Covid-19 Experiences and Associated Stress on Anxiety, Depression, and Functional Impairment in American Adults. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 44, 1043-1051.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-020-10143-y
[21]  Wang, C.Y., Pan, R.Y., Wan, X.Y., Tan, Y.L., Xu, L.K., McIntyre, R.S., et al. (2020) A Longitudinal Study on the Mental Health of General Population during the COVID-19 Epidemic in China. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 87, 40-48.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.028
[22]  Zhou, J.Y., Liu, L., Xue, P., Yang, X.R. and Tang, X.D. (2020) Mental Health Response to the COVID-19 Outbreak. American Journal of Psychiatry, 177, 574-575.
https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2020.20030304
[23]  Buckner, J.D., Abarno, C.N., Lewis, E.M., Zvolensky, M.J. and Garey, L. (2021) Increases in Distress during Stay-At-Home Mandates during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Longitudinal Study. Psychiatry Research, 298, Article 113821.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2021.113821
[24]  Asmundson, G.J.G. and Taylor, S. (2020) How Health Anxiety Influences Responses to Viral Outbreaks Like COVID-19: What All Decision-Makers, Health Authorities, and Health Care Professionals Need to Know. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 71, Article 102211.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2020.102211
[25]  Huang, Y. and Zhao, N. (2020) Generalized Anxiety Disorder, Depressive Symptoms and Sleep Quality during COVID-19 in China: A Web-Based Cross-Sectional Survey. Psychiatry Research, 288, Article 112954.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112954
[26]  Salari, N., Hosseinian-Far, A., Jalali, R., Vaisi-Raygani, A., Rasoulpoor, S., Mohammadi, M., et al. (2020) Prevalence of Stress, Anxiety, Depression among the General Population during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Globalization and Health, 16, Article No. 57.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12992-020-00589-w
[27]  Lee, S.A., Jobe, M.C., Mathis, A.A. and Gibbons, J.A. (2020) Incremental Validity of Coronaphobia: Coronavirus Anxiety Explains Depression, Generalized Anxiety, and Death Anxiety. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 74, Article 102268.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2020.102268
[28]  Feng, S., Shen, C., Xia, N., Song, W., Fan, M.Z. and Cowling, B.J. (2020) Rational Use of Face Masks in the COVID-19 Pandemic. The Lancet Respiratory Medicine, 8, 434-436.
https://doi.org/10.1016/s2213-2600(20)30134-x
[29]  Kniffin, K.M., Narayanan, J., Anseel, F., Antonakis, J., Ashford, S.P., Bakker, A.B., et al. (2021) COVID-19 and the Workplace: Implications, Issues, and Insights for Future Research and Action. American Psychologist, 76, 63-77.
https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0000716
[30]  Qasem Surrati, A.M., Asad Mansuri, F.M. and Ayadh Alihabi, A.A. (2020) Psychological Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Health Care Workers. Journal of Taibah University Medical Sciences, 15, 536-543.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtumed.2020.10.005
[31]  De Matteis, S. (2021) COVID-19: Are Not All Workers ‘Essential’? Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 78, 305-306.
https://doi.org/10.1136/oemed-2020-107272
[32]  Velavan, T.P. and Meyer, C.G. (2020) The COVID‐19 Epidemic. Tropical Medicine & International Health, 25, 278-280.
https://doi.org/10.1111/tmi.13383
[33]  Wieke Noviyanti, L., Ahsan, A. and Sudartya, T.S. (2021) Exploring the Relationship between Nurses’ Communication Satisfaction and Patient Safety Culture. Journal of Public Health Research, 10, Article 2225.
https://doi.org/10.4081/jphr.2021.2225
[34]  Sheraton, M., Deo, N., Dutt, T., Surani, S., Hall-Flavin, D. and Kashyap, R. (2020) Psychological Effects of the COVID 19 Pandemic on Healthcare Workers Globally: A Systematic Review. Psychiatry Research, 292, Article 113360.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113360
[35]  Chowdhury, N., Kainth, A., Godlu, A., Farinas, H.A., Sikdar, S. and Turin, T.C. (2022) Mental Health and Well-Being Needs among Non-Health Essential Workers during Recent Epidemics and Pandemics. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19, Article 5961.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19105961
[36]  Matz, M., Allemani, C., van Tongeren, M., Nafilyan, V., Rhodes, S., van Veldhoven, K., et al. (2022) Excess Mortality among Essential Workers in England and Wales during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 76, 660-666.
https://doi.org/10.1136/jech-2022-218786
[37]  Bell, S.L., Katz, R., Petersen, I., Hossain, S. and White, P.D. (2021) Persistent Ill-Health after COVID-19: A Retrospective Cross-Sectional Study of Symptoms and Functional Impairments in Non-Hospitalized COVID-19 Survivors. BMC Public Health, 21, Article 1330.
[38]  Tovmasyan, A., Monk, R.L. and Heim, D. (2022) Towards an Affect Intensity Regulation Hypothesis: Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses of the Relationship between Affective States and Alcohol Consumption. PLOS ONE, 17, e0262670.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0262670
[39]  Hennekam, S., Ladge, J. and Shymko, Y. (2020) From Zero to Hero: An Exploratory Study Examining Sudden Hero Status among Nonphysician Health Care Workers during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Journal of Applied Psychology, 105, 1088-1100.
https://doi.org/10.1037/apl0000832
[40]  Simpson, R., Hughes, J., Slutskaya, N. and Balta, M. (2014) Sacrifice and Distinction in Dirty Work: Men’s Construction of Meaning in the Butcher Trade. Work, Employment and Society, 28, 754-770.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0950017013510759
[41]  Song, F.X., Shi, N.N., Shan, F., Zhang, Z.Y., Shen, J., Lu, H.Z., et al. (2020) Emerging 2019 Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Pneumonia. Radiology, 295, 210-217.
https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2020200274
[42]  Charoensukmongkol, P. and Phungsoonthorn, T. (2020) The Effectiveness of Supervisor Support in Lessening Perceived Uncertainties and Emotional Exhaustion of University Employees during the COVID-19 Crisis: The Constraining Role of Organizational Intransigence. The Journal of General Psychology, 148, 431-450.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00221309.2020.1795613
[43]  Chatzittofis, A., Constantinidou, A., Artemiadis, A., Michailidou, K. and Karanikola, M.N.K. (2021) The Role of Perceived Organizational Support in Mental Health of Healthcare Workers during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-Sectional Study. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 12, Article 707293.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.707293
[44]  Siddiqui, I., Gupta, J., Collett, G., McIntosh, I., Komodromos, C., Godec, T., et al. (2023) Perceived Workplace Support and Mental Health, Well-Being and Burnout among Health Care Professionals during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cohort Analysis. CMAJ Open, 11, E191-E200.
https://doi.org/10.9778/cmajo.20220191
[45]  Hu, B., Guo, H., Zhou, P. and Shi, Z.-L. (2020) Characteristics of Sars-CoV-2 and Covid-19. Nature Reviews Microbiology, 19, 141-154.
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41579-020-00459-7
[46]  Chigwedere, O.C., Sadath, A., Kabir, Z. and Arensman, E. (2021) The Impact of Epidemics and Pandemics on the Mental Health of Healthcare Workers: A Systematic Review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18, Article 6695.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18136695
[47]  Preti, E., Di Mattei, V., Perego, G., Ferrari, F., Mazzetti, M., Taranto, P., et al. (2020) The Psychological Impact of Epidemic and Pandemic Outbreaks on Healthcare Workers: Rapid Review of the Evidence. Current Psychiatry Reports, 22, Article No. 43.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-020-01166-z
[48]  Badahdah, A.M., Khamis, F. and Mahyijari, N.A. (2020) The Psychological Well-Being of Physicians during COVID-19 Outbreak in Oman. Psychiatry Research, 289, Article 113053.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113053
[49]  Jecker, N.S., Wightman, A.G. and Diekema, D.S. (2020) Prioritizing Frontline Workers during the COVID-19 Pandemic. The American Journal of Bioethics, 20, 128-132.
https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2020.1764140
[50]  Janizadeh, R., Abad, A.J.M. and Jahangiri, M. (2024) Psychological Impacts of COVID-19 on Iranian Health Care Workers: A Systematic Review. Journal of Health Sciences & Surveillance System, 12, 370-380.
[51]  Norful, A.A., Rosenfeld, A., Schroeder, K., Travers, J.L. and Aliyu, S. (2021) Primary Drivers and Psychological Manifestations of Stress in Frontline Healthcare Workforce during the Initial COVID-19 Outbreak in the United States. General Hospital Psychiatry, 69, 20-26.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2021.01.001
[52]  McGonagle, A.K., Barnes-Farrell, J.L., Di Milia, L., Fischer, F.M., Hobbs, B.B.B., Iskra-Golec, I., et al. (2013) Demands, Resources, and Work Ability: A Cross-National Examination of Health Care Workers. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 23, 830-846.
https://doi.org/10.1080/1359432x.2013.819158
[53]  Tucker, M.K., Jimmieson, N.L. and Bordia, P. (2020) Employees’ Perceptions of Their Own and Their Supervisor’s Emotion Recognition Skills Moderate Emotional Demands on Psychological Strain. Stress and Health, 36, 191-202.
https://doi.org/10.1002/smi.2919
[54]  Bergin, A.J. and Jimmieson, N.L. (2020) The Importance of Supervisor Emotion Recognition for Praise and Recognition for Employees with Psychological Strain. Anxiety, Stress, & Coping, 33, 148-164.
https://doi.org/10.1080/10615806.2020.1716975
[55]  Goldring, M.R. and Bolger, N. (2021) Physical Effects of Daily Stressors Are Psychologically Mediated, Heterogeneous, and Bidirectional. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 121, 722-746.
https://doi.org/10.1037/pspp0000396
[56]  Minkkinen, J., Kinnunen, U. and Mauno, S. (2021) Does Psychological Detachment from Work Protect Employees under High Intensified Job Demands? Scandinavian Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 6, Article No. 9.
https://doi.org/10.16993/sjwop.97
[57]  Selander, K., Korkiakangas, E., Toivanen, M., Yli-Kaitala, K., Kangas, H., Nevanperä, N., et al. (2023) Engaging Leadership and Psychological Safety as Moderators of the Relationship between Strain and Work Recovery: A Cross-Sectional Study of HSS Employees. Healthcare, 11, Article 1045.
https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11071045
[58]  Somaraju, A.V., Griffin, D.J., Olenick, J., Chang, C.H. and Kozlowski, S.W. (2021) The Dynamic Nature of Interpersonal Conflict and Psychological Strain in Extreme Work Settings. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 26, 468-482.
https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/xvdah
[59]  Dobnik, M. and Lorber, M. (2023) Management Support for Healthcare Workers’ Mental Health and Burnout during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cohort Study. Sustainability, 15, Article 12766.
https://doi.org/10.3390/su151712766
[60]  Creswell, J.W. and Creswell, J.D. (2018) Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches. 5th Edition, Sage Publications.
[61]  Strietholt, R. and Johansson, S. (2023) Challenges for the Design of International Assessments: Sampling, Measurement, and Causality. On Education. Journal for Research and Debate, 6, No. 18.
https://doi.org/10.17899/on_ed.2023.18.2
[62]  McDermott, A. and Keating, M. (2011) Managing Professionals: Exploring the Role of the Hospital HR Function. Journal of Health Organization and Management, 25, 677-692.
https://doi.org/10.1108/14777261111178556
[63]  Meier, N. (2015) Configurations of Leadership Practices in Hospital Units. Journal of Health Organization and Management, 29, 1115-1130.
https://doi.org/10.1108/jhom-01-2014-0009
[64]  Ralph, J., Freeman, L.A., Ménard, A.D. and Soucie, K. (2021) Practical Strategies and the Need for Psychological Support: Recommendations from Nurses Working in Hospitals during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Journal of Health Organization and Management, 36, 240-255.
https://doi.org/10.1108/jhom-02-2021-0051
[65]  Talib, F., Rahman, Z. and Azam, M. (2011) Best Practices of Total Quality Management Implementation in Health Care Settings. Health Marketing Quarterly, 28, 232-252.
https://doi.org/10.1080/07359683.2011.595643
[66]  Ruiller, C. and Van Der Heijden, B.I.J.M. (2016) Socio-Emotional Support in French Hospitals: Effects on French Nurses’ and Nurse Aides’ Affective Commitment. Applied Nursing Research, 29, 229-236.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apnr.2015.06.006
[67]  Buchelt, B.I., Frączkiewicz-Wronka, A. and Kaminska, R. (2017) Key Determinants of Human Resource Management in Hospitals: Stakeholder Perspective. Engineering Management in Production and Services, 9, 105-115.
https://doi.org/10.1515/emj-2017-0020
[68]  Leiter, M.P., Zanaletti, W. and Argentero, P. (2009) Occupational Risk Perception, Safety Training, and Injury Prevention: Testing a Model in the Italian Printing Industry. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 14, 1-10.
https://doi.org/10.1037/1076-8998.14.1.1
[69]  Leiter, M.P. and Robichaud, L. (1997) Relationships of Occupational Hazards with Burnout: An Assessment of Measures and Models. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 2, 35-44.
https://doi.org/10.1037/1076-8998.2.1.35
[70]  Denzin, N.K. and Lincoln, Y.S. (2018) The Sage Handbook of Qualitative Research. 5th Edition, Sage Publications.
[71]  Gajewski, J., Monzer, N., Pittalis, C., Bijlmakers, L., Cheelo, M., Kachimba, J., et al. (2020) Supervision as a Tool for Building Surgical Capacity of District Hospitals: The Case of Zambia. Human Resources for Health, 18, Article No. 25.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12960-020-00467-x
[72]  Reynolds, C. (2020) Not All Heroes Wear Stethoscopes: Honoring the Essential Role of Nonclinical Staff. Patient Safety, 2, 72-77.
https://doi.org/10.33940/culture/2020.12.6
[73]  Maurer, L.R., Perez, N.P., Witt, E.E. and Ortega, G. (2020) Protecting Our Own: Equity for Employees as Hospitals Battle Covid-19. Health Equity, 4, 394-396.
https://doi.org/10.1089/heq.2020.0024

Full-Text

Contact Us

service@oalib.com

QQ:3279437679

WhatsApp +8615387084133