Neuroplasticity is the brain’s ability to reshape itself by constructing new neural connections throughout life, enabling adaptation to change, learning new information, and recovering from injuries. Neuroplasticity mechanisms underline a range of neurologic and psychiatric disorders, including Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, stroke, traumatic brain injury, depression, anxiety, and Schizophrenia. In any given year, approximately 20% of adult humans in the United States experience mental illness. The modification of structural and functional activities in the brain, encompassing synaptic plasticity, dendritic remodeling, neurogenesis, and shifts in neurotransmitter systems, significantly influence the progression of these diseases and the manifestation of their symptoms. Clinical trials evaluating therapeutics and biologics are crucial for advancing mental health care, while personalized medicine enhances treatment efficacy for individual patients. These developments hold substantial promise for improving mental health outcomes. Continued research into neuroplasticity is vital for the evolution of therapeutic strategies. This review delves into synaptic, structural, and functional plasticity and its impact on brain injury, neurodegenerative diseases, and psychiatric disorders.
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