|
|
内脏肥胖及相关指标与2型糖尿病关系的研究进展
|
Abstract:
肥胖或体重过度增加被确认为2型糖尿病(T2DM)发生和进展中最重要且显著的危险因素，特别是内脏肥胖。肥胖问题已达到大流行的程度，使得对肥胖的治疗在预防和管理T2DM中显得尤为重要。关于不同内脏肥胖指标对T2DM和内脏肥胖风险的预测效果仍存在争议。本文旨在综述体重指数(BMI)、腰围(WC)、腰臀比(WHR)、腰高比(WHtR)、内脏脂肪指数(VAI)、中国内脏脂肪指数(CVAI)、内脏脂肪代谢评分(METS-VF)、新的内脏肥胖指数(NVAI)内脏肥胖相关指标与T2DM和内脏肥胖风险之间关系的研究进展，以更好地应对日益流行的T2DM及肥胖。
Obesity or excessive weight gain has been identified as one of the most significant risk factors for the development and progression of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), especially visceral obesity. The obesity epidemic has reached pandemic proportions, making obesity treatment crucial in the prevention and management of T2DM. However, there is still controversy regarding the predictive effectiveness of different visceral obesity indices on the risks of T2DM and visceral obesity. This article aims to review the research progress on the relationship between visceral obesity-related indices, including Body Mass Index (BMI), Waist Circumference (WC), Waist-to-Hip Ratio (WHR), Waist-to-Height Ratio (WHtR), Visceral Adiposity Index (VAI), Chinese Visceral Adiposity Index (CVAI), new Metabolic Score for Visceral fat (METS-VF), and New Visceral Adiposity Index (NVAI), and the risks of T2DM and visceral obesity. This review aims to better address the increasingly prevalent issues of T2DM and obesity.
| [1] | 中华医学会糖尿病学分会. 中国2型糖尿病防治指南(2020年版) (下) [J]. 中国实用内科杂志, 2021, 41(9): 757-784. |
| [2] | Zhang, L.F., Wang, Z.W., Wang, X., Chen, Z., Shao, L., Tian, Y., et al. (2020) Prevalence of Overweight and Obesity in China: Results from a Cross-Sectional Study of 441 Thousand Adults, 2012-2015. Obesity Research & Clinical Practice, 14, 119-126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orcp.2020.02.005 |
| [3] | 中华医学会内分泌学分会. 中国2型糖尿病合并肥胖综合管理专家共识[J]. 药品评价, 2016, 13(17): 5-10+2. |
| [4] | Dhokte, S. and Czaja, K. (2024) Visceral Adipose Tissue: The Hidden Culprit for Type 2 Diabetes. Nutrients, 16, Article 1015. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16071015 |
| [5] | Shuster, A., Patlas, M., Pinthus, J.H. and Mourtzakis, M. (2012) The Clinical Importance of Visceral Adiposity: A Critical Review of Methods for Visceral Adipose Tissue Analysis. The British Journal of Radiology, 85, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1259/bjr/38447238 |
| [6] | Gadekar, T., Dudeja, P., Basu, I., Vashisht, S. and Mukherji, S. (2020) Correlation of Visceral Body Fat with Waist-Hip Ratio, Waist Circumference and Body Mass Index in Healthy Adults: A Cross Sectional Study. Medical Journal Armed Forces India, 76, 41-46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mjafi.2017.12.001 |
| [7] | Xia, M.-F., Chen, Y., Lin, H.-D., Ma, H., Li, X.-M., Aleteng, Q., et al. (2016) A Indicator of Visceral Adipose Dysfunction to Evaluate Metabolic Health in Adult Chinese. Scientific Reports, 6, Article No. 38214. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep38214 |
| [8] | Bello-Chavolla, O.Y., Antonio-Villa, N.E., Vargas-Vázquez, A., Viveros-Ruiz, T.L., Almeda-Valdes, P., Gomez-Velasco, D., et al. (2020) Metabolic Score for Visceral Fat (METS-VF), a Novel Estimator of Intra-Abdominal Fat Content and Cardio-Metabolic Health. Clinical Nutrition, 39, 1613-1621. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2019.07.012 |
| [9] | Oh, S.-K., Cho, A.-R., Kwon, Y.-J., Lee, H.-S. and Lee, J.-W. (2018) Derivation and Validation of a New Visceral Adiposity Index for Predicting Visceral Obesity and Cardiometabolic Risk in a Korean Population. PLOS ONE, 13, e0203787. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0203787 |
| [10] | Amato, M.C., Giordano, C., Galia, M., Criscimanna, A., Vitabile, S., Midiri, M., et al. (2010) Visceral Adiposity Index. Diabetes Care, 33, 920-922. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc09-1825 |
| [11] | An, S.-M., Cho, S.-H. and Yoon, J.C. (2023) Adipose Tissue and Metabolic Health. Diabetes & Metabolism Journal, 47, 595-611. https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2023.0011 |
| [12] | Santillana, N., Astudillo-Guerrero, C., D’Espessailles, A. and Cruz, G. (2023) White Adipose Tissue Dysfunction: Pathophysiology and Emergent Measurements. Nutrients, 15, Article 1722. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15071722 |
| [13] | Daryabor, G., Kabelitz, D. and Kalantar, K. (2019) An Update on Immune Dysregulation in Obesity‐Related Insulin Resistance. Scandinavian Journal of Immunology, 89, e12747. https://doi.org/10.1111/sji.12747 |
| [14] | Szukiewicz, D. (2023) Molecular Mechanisms for the Vicious Cycle between Insulin Resistance and the Inflammatory Response in Obesity. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 24, Article 9818. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24129818 |
| [15] | Kolb, H. (2022) Obese Visceral Fat Tissue Inflammation: From Protective to Detrimental? BMC Medicine, 20, Article No. 494. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-022-02672-y |
| [16] | McLaughlin, T., Ackerman, S.E., Shen, L. and Engleman, E. (2017) Role of Innate and Adaptive Immunity in Obesity-Associated Metabolic Disease. Journal of Clinical Investigation, 127, 5-13. https://doi.org/10.1172/jci88876 |
| [17] | Corbin, J.A., Bhaskar, V., Goldfine, I.D., Issafras, H., Bedinger, D.H., Lau, A., et al. (2013) Inhibition of Insulin Receptor Function by a Human, Allosteric Monoclonal Antibody. Mabs, 6, 262-272. https://doi.org/10.4161/mabs.26871 |
| [18] | Willard, D.L., Stevenson, M. and Steenkamp, D. (2016) Type B Insulin Resistance Syndrome. Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes & Obesity, 23, 318-323. https://doi.org/10.1097/med.0000000000000263 |
| [19] | Pei, J.L., Wang, B.C. and Wang, D.Y. (2022) Current Studies on Molecular Mechanisms of Insulin Resistance. Journal of Diabetes Research, 2022, Article 1863429. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/1863429 |
| [20] | Boucher, J., Kleinridders, A. and Kahn, C.R. (2014) Insulin Receptor Signaling in Normal and Insulin-Resistant States. Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology, 6, a009191-a009191. https://doi.org/10.1101/cshperspect.a009191 |
| [21] | Singh, A., Kukreti, R., Saso, L. and Kukreti, S. (2022) Mechanistic Insight into Oxidative Stress-Triggered Signaling Pathways and Type 2 Diabetes. Molecules, 27, Article 950. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27030950 |
| [22] | Zhao, X.F., An, X.D., Yang, C.Q., Sun, W.J., Ji, H.Y. and Lian, F.M. (2023) The Crucial Role and Mechanism of Insulin Resistance in Metabolic Disease. Frontiers in Endocrinology, 14, Article 1149239. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2023.1149239 |
| [23] | Petersen, M.C. and Shulman, G.I. (2018) Mechanisms of Insulin Action and Insulin Resistance. Physiological Reviews, 98, 2133-2223. https://doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00063.2017 |
| [24] | Usui, C., Asaka, M., Kawano, H., Aoyama, T., Ishijima, T., Sakamoto, S., et al. (2010) Visceral Fat Is a Strong Predictor of Insulin Resistance Regardless of Cardiorespiratory Fitness in Non-Diabetic People. Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology, 56, 109-116. https://doi.org/10.3177/jnsv.56.109 |
| [25] | Narayan, K.M.V. and Kanaya, A.M. (2020) Why Are South Asians Prone to Type 2 Diabetes? A Hypothesis Based on Underexplored Pathways. Diabetologia, 63, 1103-1109. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-020-05132-5 |
| [26] | Sears, B. and Perry, M. (2015) The Role of Fatty Acids in Insulin Resistance. Lipids in Health and Disease, 14, Article No. 121. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12944-015-0123-1 |
| [27] | Chakrabarti, P., Kim, J.Y., Singh, M., Shin, Y., Kim, J., Kumbrink, J., et al. (2013) Insulin Inhibits Lipolysis in Adipocytes via the Evolutionarily Conserved mTORC1-Egr1-ATGL-Mediated Pathway. Molecular and Cellular Biology, 33, 3659-3666. https://doi.org/10.1128/mcb.01584-12 |
| [28] | Hegarty, B.D., Furler, S.M., Ye, J., Cooney, G.J. and Kraegen, E.W. (2003) The Role of Intramuscular Lipid in Insulin Resistance. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica, 178, 373-383. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-201x.2003.01162.x |
| [29] | 《肥胖症诊疗指南 (2024年版)》发布[J]. 祝您健康, 2024(12): 3. |
| [30] | Lu, J.R., Liu, X.S., Jiang, S., Kan, S.Y., An, Y., Zheng, C.X., et al. (2022) Body Mass Index and Risk of Diabetic Nephropathy: A Mendelian Randomization Study. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 107, 1599-1608. https://doi.org/10.1210/clinem/dgac057 |
| [31] | Polemiti, E., Baudry, J., Kuxhaus, O., Jäger, S., Bergmann, M.M., Weikert, C., et al. (2021) BMI and BMI Change Following Incident Type 2 Diabetes and Risk of Microvascular and Macrovascular Complications: The EPIC-Potsdam Study. Diabetologia, 64, 814-825. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-020-05362-7 |
| [32] | Chen, J.H., Li, Y.T., Niu, Z.M., He, Z.P., Xie, Y.J., Hernandez, J., et al. (2024) Investigating the Causal Association of Generalized and Abdominal Obesity with Microvascular Complications in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Community‐based Prospective Study. Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, 26, 2796-2810. https://doi.org/10.1111/dom.15598 |
| [33] | Yang, Z.M., Shen, P., Qu, Y.L., Xu, L.S., Li, T.Z., Zhu, Z.H., et al. (2023) Baseline and Longitudinal Trajectories of Body-Mass Index and All-Cause Mortality among Patients with Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes & Metabolism, 49, Article 101426. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabet.2023.101426 |
| [34] | Massey, R.J., Chen, Y., Panova-Noeva, M., Mattheus, M., Siddiqui, M.K., Schloot, N.C., et al. (2024) BMI Variability and Cardiovascular Outcomes within Clinical Trial and Real-World Environments in Type 2 Diabetes: An IMI2 SOPHIA Study. Cardiovascular Diabetology, 23, Article No. 256. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12933-024-02299-8 |
| [35] | Boonpor, J., Parra‐Soto, S., Talebi, A., Zhou, Z., Carrasco‐Marin, F., Petermann‐Rocha, F., et al. (2023) Associations and Predictive Performance of 11 Anthropometric Measures with Incident Type 2 Diabetes: A Prospective Cohort Study from the Uk Biobank. Obesity, 31, 2648-2657. https://doi.org/10.1002/oby.23849 |
| [36] | Li, S., Wang, Y., Ying, Y., et al. (2023) Independent and Joint Associations of BMI and Waist Circumference with the Onset of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Chinese Adults: Prospective Data Linkage Study. JMIR Public Health and Surveillance, 9, e39459. |
| [37] | Strings, S., Wells, C., Bell, C. and Tomiyama, A.J. (2023) The Association of Body Mass Index and Odds of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Varies by Race/ethnicity. Public Health, 215, 27-30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2022.11.017 |
| [38] | Kong, M., Xu, M.M., Zhou, Y., Geng, N., Lin, N., Song, W.Y., et al. (2022) Assessing Visceral Obesity and Abdominal Adipose Tissue Distribution in Healthy Populations Based on Computed Tomography: A Large Multicenter Cross-Sectional Study. Frontiers in Nutrition, 9, Article 871697. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.871697 |
| [39] | Akeroyd, J.M., Suarez, E.A., Bartali, B., Chiu, G.R., Yang, M., Schwartz, A.V., et al. (2014) Differences in Skeletal and Non-Skeletal Factors in a Diverse Sample of Men with and without Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Journal of Diabetes and its Complications, 28, 679-683. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2014.05.007 |
| [40] | Zhao, Q., Chen, X., Wu, J., Gong, L., Hu, J., Yang, S., et al. (2020) Optimal Cut-Offs of Body Mass Index and Waist Circumference to Identify Obesity in Chinese Type 2 Diabetic Patients. Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity: Targets and Therapy, 13, 1899-1909. https://doi.org/10.2147/dmso.s251574 |
| [41] | Khanna, D., Peltzer, C., Kahar, P. and Parmar, M.S. (2022) Body Mass Index (BMI): A Screening Tool Analysis. Cureus, 14, e22119. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.22119 |
| [42] | 中华医学会糖尿病学分会. 中国2型糖尿病防治指南(2020年版) [J]. 中华糖尿病杂志, 2021, 13(4): 315-409. |
| [43] | Zhang, S.T., Li, W.Y., Jia, X.F., Zhang, J.G., Jiang, H.R., Wang, L.S., et al. (2022) Association of Obesity Profiles with Type 2 Diabetes in Chinese Adults: Findings from the China Health and Nutrition Survey. Frontiers in Nutrition, 9, Article 922824. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.922824 |
| [44] | Chen, X., Duan, M., Hou, R., Zheng, M., Li, H., Singh, M., et al. (2021) Prevalence of Abdominal Obesity in Chinese Middle-Aged and Older Adults with a Normal Body Mass Index and Its Association with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Nationally Representative Cohort Study from 2011 to 2018. Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity: Targets and Therapy, 14, 4829-4841. https://doi.org/10.2147/dmso.s339066 |
| [45] | Zhao, Q.Y., Yi, X.Y. and Wang, Z.H. (2021) Meta-Analysis of the Relationship between Abdominal Obesity and Diabetic Kidney Disease in Type 2 Diabetic Patients. Obesity Facts, 14, 338-345. https://doi.org/10.1159/000516391 |
| [46] | Huang, Y.K.., Zhang, X.Y., Li, B., Zhu, X.Y., Li, C.X., Zhou, C.D., et al. (2023) Association of BMI and Waist Circumference with Diabetic Microvascular Complications: A Prospective Cohort Study from the UK Biobank and Mendelian Randomization Analysis. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice, 205, Article 110975. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2023.110975 |
| [47] | Zheng, C.W., Wei, X. and Cao, X.C. (2023) The Causal Effect of Obesity on Diabetic Retinopathy: A Two-Sample Mendelian Randomization Study. Frontiers in Endocrinology, 14, Article 1108731. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2023.1108731 |
| [48] | He, Y. and Shi, L.F. (2024) Anthropometric Indicators and Cardiovascular Diseases Risk in Pre-Diabetic and Diabetic Adults: NHANES 1999-2018 Cross-Sectional Analysis. Experimental Gerontology, 194, Article 112516. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exger.2024.112516 |
| [49] | Wan, H.W., Wang, Y.Y., Xiang, Q., Fang, S.J., Chen, Y., Chen, C., et al. (2020) Associations between Abdominal Obesity Indices and Diabetic Complications: Chinese Visceral Adiposity Index and Neck Circumference. Cardiovascular Diabetology, 19, Article No. 118. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12933-020-01095-4 |
| [50] | Qiao, T.T., Luo, T., Pei, H.L., Yimingniyazi, B., Aili, D., Aimudula, A., et al. (2022) Association between Abdominal Obesity Indices and Risk of Cardiovascular Events in Chinese Populations with Type 2 Diabetes: A Prospective Cohort Study. Cardiovascular Diabetology, 21, Article No. 225. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12933-022-01670-x |
| [51] | Hulkoti, V., Acharya, S., Shukla, S., Kumar, S., Kabra, R., Dubey, A., et al. (2022) Visceral Adiposity Index in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (DM) and Its Correlation with Microvascular Complications. Cureus, 14, e31279. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.31279 |
| [52] | Tuglo, L.S. (2022) Comparison of Adiposity Anthropometric Indices and Their Associations with Visceral Fat Levels Determined by Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis among Diabetic Patients. Scientific Reports, 12, Article No. 17824. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-22848-z |
| [53] | Ge, Q.W., Li, M., Xu, Z.C., Qi, Z.G., Zheng, H.Y., Cao, Y.X., et al. (2022) Comparison of Different Obesity Indices Associated with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus among Different Sex and Age Groups in Nantong, China: A Cross-Section Study. BMC Geriatrics, 22, Article No. 20. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-021-02713-w |
| [54] | Zhang, X.Y., Wang, Y., Li, Y.Q., Gui, J.F., Mei, Y.J., Yang, X., et al. (2024) Optimal Obesity-and Lipid-Related Indices for Predicting Type 2 Diabetes in Middle-Aged and Elderly Chinese. Scientific Reports, 14, Article No. 10901. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-61592-4 |
| [55] | Lawal, Y., Mshelia-Reng, R., Omonua, S.O., Odumodu, K., Shuaibu, R., Itanyi, U.D., et al. (2022) Comparison of Waist-Height Ratio and Other Obesity Indices in the Prediction of Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy. Frontiers in Nutrition, 9, Article 949315. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.949315 |
| [56] | Ke, J.-F., Wang, J.-W., Lu, J.-X., Zhang, Z.-H., Liu, Y. and Li, L.-X. (2022) Waist-to-Height Ratio Has a Stronger Association with Cardiovascular Risks than Waist Circumference, Waist-Hip Ratio and Body Mass Index in Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice, 183, Article 109151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2021.109151 |
| [57] | Yi, Q., Zhu, L., Ma, J., Yu, X., Liu, L. and Shen, J. (2021) Use of Anthropometric Measures of Obesity to Predict Diabetic Retinopathy in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes in China. Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity: Targets and Therapy, 14, 4089-4095. https://doi.org/10.2147/dmso.s321030 |
| [58] | Liu, Y.A., Liu, K.Q., Xie, L.Q., Zuo, C.G., Wang, L.H. and Huang, W.Y. (2024) Sex-Based Differences in the Associations between Abdominal Obesity and Diabetic Retinopathy in Diabetic Patients with Normal Weight. Heliyon, 10, e36683. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e36683 |
| [59] | Staynor, J.M.D., Smith, M.K., Donnelly, C.J., Sallam, A.E. and Ackland, T.R. (2020) DXA Reference Values and Anthropometric Screening for Visceral Obesity in Western Australian Adults. Scientific Reports, 10, Article No. 18731. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-73631-x |
| [60] | Swainson, M.G., Batterham, A.M., Tsakirides, C., Rutherford, Z.H. and Hind, K. (2017) Prediction of Whole-Body Fat Percentage and Visceral Adipose Tissue Mass from Five Anthropometric Variables. PLOS ONE, 12, e0177175. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0177175 |
| [61] | Han, M.H., Qin, P., Li, Q.M., Qie, R.R., Liu, L.L., Zhao, Y., et al. (2020) Chinese Visceral Adiposity Index: A Reliable Indicator of Visceral Fat Function Associated with Risk of Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews, 37, e3370. https://doi.org/10.1002/dmrr.3370 |
| [62] | Tang, M., Wei, X.-H., Cao, H., Zhen, Q., Liu, F., Wang, Y.-F., et al. (2022) Association between Chinese Visceral Adiposity Index and Metabolic-Associated Fatty Liver Disease in Chinese Adults with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Frontiers in Endocrinology, 13, Article 935980. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2022.935980 |
| [63] | Cheng, C., Yu, X., Shi, K., Dai, G., Pan, Q., Yuan, G., et al. (2023) Associations between Abdominal Obesity Indices with Hypertension in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Chinese Visceral Adiposity Index. Journal of Endocrinological Investigation, 47, 547-555. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40618-023-02165-6 |
| [64] | Liu, Q., Yu, F., Zhou, Q., Zhou, H., Lu, H., Luo, J., et al. (2024) Chinese Visceral Adipose Index Is Associated with Arterial Stiffness in Type 2 Diabetes Patients: A Cross-Sectional Study. International Journal of General Medicine, 17, 5681-5696. https://doi.org/10.2147/ijgm.s489853 |
| [65] | Gui, J.F., Li, Y.Q., Liu, H.Y., Guo, L.-L., Li, J.L., Lei, Y.X., et al. (2023) Obesity-and Lipid-Related Indices as a Predictor of Obesity Metabolic Syndrome in a National Cohort Study. Frontiers in Public Health, 11, Article 1073824. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2023.1073824 |
| [66] | Yang, R., Kuang, M., Qiu, J., Yu, C., Sheng, G. and Zou, Y. (2023) Assessing the Usefulness of a Newly Proposed Metabolic Score for Visceral Fat in Predicting Future Diabetes: Results from the NAGALA Cohort Study. Frontiers in Endocrinology, 14, Article 1172323. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2023.1172323 |
| [67] | Zhu, Y., Zou, H., Guo, Y., Luo, P., Meng, X., Li, D., et al. (2023) Associations between Metabolic Score for Visceral Fat and the Risk of Cardiovascular Disease and All-Cause Mortality among Populations with Different Glucose Tolerance Statuses. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice, 203, Article 110842. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2023.110842 |
| [68] | Huang, J.-C., Huang, Y.-C., Lu, C., Chuang, Y., Chien, H., Lin, C., et al. (2024) Exploring the Relationship between Visceral Fat and Coronary Artery Calcification Risk Using Metabolic Score for Visceral Fat (Mets-VF). Life, 14, Article 1399. https://doi.org/10.3390/life14111399 |
| [69] | Kuang, M.B., Qiu, J.J., Li, D.D., Hu, C., Zhang, S.H., Sheng, G.T., et al. (2023) The Newly Proposed Metabolic Score for Visceral Fat Is a Reliable Tool for Identifying Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease, Requiring Attention to Age-Specific Effects in Both Sexes. Frontiers in Endocrinology, 14, Article 1281524. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2023.1281524 |
| [70] | Qian, J.Y., Huang, G.Q. and Mao, Y.S. (2024) Association between Metabolic Score of Visceral Fat and Carotid Atherosclerosis in Chinese Health Screening Population: A Cross-Sectional Study. BMC Public Health, 24, Article No. 1723. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-024-19186-2 |
| [71] | Feng, Y.F., Yang, X.J., Li, Y., Wu, Y.Y., Han, M.H., Qie, R.R., et al. (2022) Metabolic Score for Visceral Fat: A Reliable Indicator of Visceral Obesity for Predicting Risk for Hypertension. Nutrition, 93, Article 111443. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2021.111443 |
| [72] | Kapoor, N., Jiwanmall, S.A., Nandyal, M.B., Kattula, D., Paravathareddy, S., Paul, T.V., et al. (2020) Metabolic Score for Visceral Fat (METS-VF) Estimation—A Novel Cost-Effective Obesity Indicator for Visceral Adipose Tissue Estimation. Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity: Targets and Therapy, 13, 3261-3267. https://doi.org/10.2147/dmso.s266277 |
| [73] | Torun, C., Ankaralı, H., Caştur, L., Uzunlulu, M., Erbakan, A.N., Akbaş, M.M., et al. (2023) Is Metabolic Score for Visceral Fat (METS-VF) a Better Index than Other Adiposity Indices for the Prediction of Visceral Adiposity. Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity, 16, 2605-2615. https://doi.org/10.2147/dmso.s421623 |
| [74] | Wei, J., Liu, X., Xue, H., Wang, Y. and Shi, Z. (2019) Comparisons of Visceral Adiposity Index, Body Shape Index, Body Mass Index and Waist Circumference and Their Associations with Diabetes Mellitus in Adults. Nutrients, 11, Article 1580. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11071580 |
| [75] | Deng, R.X., Chen, W.J., Zhang, Z.P., Zhang, J.Z., Wang, Y., Sun, B.C., et al. (2024) Association between Visceral Obesity Index and Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 109, 2692-2707. https://doi.org/10.1210/clinem/dgae303 |
| [76] | Wu, Z.Y., Yu, S.Q., Kang, X.P., Liu, Y., Xu, Z.K., Li, Z.W., et al. (2022) Association of Visceral Adiposity Index with Incident Nephropathy and Retinopathy: A Cohort Study in the Diabetic Population. Cardiovascular Diabetology, 21, Article No. 32. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12933-022-01464-1 |
| [77] | Chen, J.H., Li, Y.T., Niu, Z.M., He, Z.P., Xie, Y.J., Hernandez, J., et al. (2024) Association of Visceral Obesity Indices with Incident Diabetic Retinopathy in Patients with Diabetes: Prospective Cohort Study. JMIR Public Health and Surveillance, 10, e48120. https://doi.org/10.2196/48120 |
| [78] | Li, C.Y., Wang, G., Zhang, J.L., Jiang, W.M., Wei, S.W., Wang, W.N., et al. (2024) Association between Visceral Adiposity Index and Incidence of Diabetic Kidney Disease in Adults with Diabetes in the United States. Scientific Reports, 14, Article No. 17957. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-69034-x |
| [79] | Wei, B., Zhou, L., Shu, B.-L., Huang, Q.-Y., Chai, H., Yuan, H.-Y., et al. (2024) Association of Diabetic Retinopathy with Plasma Atherosclerotic Index, Visceral Obesity Index, and Lipid Accumulation Products: NHANES 2005-2008. Lipids in Health and Disease, 23, Article No. 331. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12944-024-02325-4 |
| [80] | Randrianarisoa, E., Lehn-Stefan, A., Hieronimus, A., Rietig, R., Fritsche, A., Machann, J., et al. (2019) Visceral Adiposity Index as an Independent Marker of Subclinical Atherosclerosis in Individuals Prone to Diabetes Mellitus. Journal of Atherosclerosis and Thrombosis, 26, 821-834. https://doi.org/10.5551/jat.47274 |
| [81] | Wung, C., Lee, M., Wu, P., Huang, J. and Chen, S. (2021) Obesity-Related Indices Are Associated with Peripheral Artery Occlusive Disease in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Journal of Personalized Medicine, 11, Article 533. https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm11060533 |
| [82] | Sun, Z., Wang, K., Yun, C., Bai, F., Yuan, X., Lee, Y., et al. (2023) Correlation between the Variability of Different Obesity Indices and Diabetic Kidney Disease: A Retrospective Cohort Study Based on Populations in Taiwan. Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity, 16, 2791-2802. https://doi.org/10.2147/dmso.s425198 |
| [83] | Camhi, S.M., Bray, G.A., Bouchard, C., Greenway, F.L., Johnson, W.D., Newton, R.L., et al. (2011) The Relationship of Waist Circumference and BMI to Visceral, Subcutaneous, and Total Body Fat: Sex and Race Differences. Obesity, 19, 402-408. https://doi.org/10.1038/oby.2010.248 |
| [84] | Nazare, J., Smith, J.D., Borel, A., Haffner, S.M., Balkau, B., Ross, R., et al. (2012) Ethnic Influences on the Relations between Abdominal Subcutaneous and Visceral Adiposity, Liver Fat, and Cardiometabolic Risk Profile: The International Study of Prediction of Intra-Abdominal Adiposity and Its Relationship with Cardiometabolic Risk/Intra-Abdominal Adiposity. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 96, 714-726. https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.112.035758 |
| [85] | Ravani, J.P.R., Sbaffi, B.C., Monteiro, A.C., Carrocino, K.M.C., Doimo, L.A. and Ferreira, F.G. (2022) The Visceral Adiposity Index Is a Better Predictor of Excess Visceral Fat in Military Pilots: A Cross-Sectional Observational Study. Military Medicine, 188, e2003-e2009. https://doi.org/10.1093/milmed/usac319 |
