Soil nematodes constitute a vital component of the soil food web, playing a crucial role in ecosystem energy flow and material cycling. They serve as important bioindicators for assessing soil health and ecosystem recovery. However, research exploring the effects of selenium and organic fertilizers on soil nematode community and structure remains limited. In this study, we selected locally used bio-organic fertilizer as a control (CK) and established various fertilization strategies in a newly established peach orchard in southwestern China. These strategies included rapeseed meal cake fertilizer (RMC), green manure (Euphorbia helioscopia, GM), selenium fertilizer (SF), a combination of green manure + rapeseed meal cake fertilizer (GM + RMC), and a combination of selenium fertilizer + rapeseed meal cake fertilizer (SF + RMC). High-throughput sequencing and q-PCR methods were employed to determine the nematode genus composition and abundances. The results revealed GM + RMC significantly increased the total abundance of soil nematodes, while SF enhanced nematode diversity. Furthermore, GM + RMC notably promoted the metabolic activity of bacterivorous nematodes, and SF boosted the metabolic activity of fungivorous nematodes. However, most ecological indices of soil nematode communities did not exhibit significant differences among the six fertilization treatments. This may be attributed to the relatively short duration of the fertilization treatments. The soil nutrient level, particularly total nitrogen, emerged as the primary factor shaping the soil nematode community and its functional groups. Our findings provide a deeper understanding of how nematode communities respond to fertilization measures in orchard ecosystems and offer valuable insights into sustainable development management.
References
[1]
Bahram, M., Hildebrand, F., Forslund, S.K., Anderson, J.L., Soudzilovskaia, N.A., Bodegom, P.M., et al. (2018) Structure and Function of the Global Topsoil Microbiome. Nature, 560, 233-237. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-018-0386-6
[2]
Zhao, L., Yu, B., Wang, M., Zhang, J., Shen, Z., Cui, Y., et al. (2021) The Effects of Plant Resource Inputs on the Energy Flux of Soil Nematodes Are Affected by Climate and Plant Resource Type. SoilEcologyLetters, 3, 134-144. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42832-021-0081-7
[3]
Bongers, T. and Ferris, H. (1999) Nematode Community Structure as a Bioindicator in Environmental Monitoring. TrendsinEcology&Evolution, 14, 224-228. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0169-5347(98)01583-3
[4]
Neher, D.A. (2001) Role of Nematodes in Soil Health and Their Use as Indicators. JournalofNematology, 33, 161-168.
[5]
Bardgett, R.D. and van der Putten, W.H. (2014) Belowground Biodiversity and Ecosystem Functioning. Nature, 515, 505-511. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature13855
[6]
Crotty, F.V., Fychan, R., Scullion, J., Sanderson, R. and Marley, C.L. (2015) Assessing the Impact of Agricultural Forage Crops on Soil Biodiversity and Abundance. SoilBiologyandBiochemistry, 91, 119-126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2015.08.036
Gagic, V., Kleijn, D., Báldi, A., Boros, G., Jørgensen, H.B., Elek, Z., et al. (2017) Combined Effects of Agrochemicals and Ecosystem Services on Crop Yield across Europe. EcologyLetters, 20, 1427-1436. https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.12850
[9]
BAI, Y., WU, J., CLARK, C.M., NAEEM, S., PAN, Q., HUANG, J., et al. (2009) Tradeoffs and Thresholds in the Effects of Nitrogen Addition on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Functioning: Evidence from Inner Mongolia Grasslands. GlobalChangeBiology, 16, 358-372. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2009.01950.x
[10]
Guo, J.H., Liu, X.J., Zhang, Y., Shen, J.L., Han, W.X., Zhang, W.F., et al. (2010) Significant Acidification in Major Chinese Croplands. Science, 327, 1008-1010. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1182570
[11]
Chen, D., Lan, Z., Hu, S. and Bai, Y. (2015) Effects of Nitrogen Enrichment on Belowground Communities in Grassland: Relative Role of Soil Nitrogen Availability vs. Soil Acidification. SoilBiologyandBiochemistry, 89, 99-108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2015.06.028
[12]
Zhao, J., He, X. and Wang, K. (2015) A Hypothetical Model That Explains Differing Net Effects of Inorganic Fertilization on Biomass and/or Abundance of Soil Biota. TheoreticalEcology, 8, 505-512. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12080-015-0268-6
[13]
Puissant, J., Villenave, C., Chauvin, C., Plassard, C., Blanchart, E. and Trap, J. (2021) Quantification of the Global Impact of Agricultural Practices on Soil Nematodes: A Meta-Analysis. SoilBiologyandBiochemistry, 161, Article 108383. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2021.108383
[14]
Liu, T., Chen, X., Hu, F., Ran, W., Shen, Q., Li, H., et al. (2016) Carbon-Rich Organic Fertilizers to Increase Soil Biodiversity: Evidence from a Meta-Analysis of Nematode Communities. Agriculture, Ecosystems&Environment, 232, 199-207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2016.07.015
[15]
Betancur-Corredor, B., Lang, B. and Russell, D.J. (2022) Organic Nitrogen Fertilization Benefits Selected Soil Fauna in Global Agroecosystems. BiologyandFertilityofSoils, 59, 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00374-022-01677-2
[16]
Zhang, Z., Zhang, X., Jhao, J., Zhang, X. and Liang, W. (2015) Tillage and Rotation Effects on Community Composition and Metabolic Footprints of Soil Nematodes in a Black Soil. EuropeanJournalofSoilBiology, 66, 40-48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejsobi.2014.11.006
[17]
Erisman, J.W. (2021) How Ammonia Feeds and Pollutes the World. Science, 374, 685-686. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abm3492
[18]
Banerjee, S., Walder, F., Büchi, L., Meyer, M., Held, A.Y., Gattinger, A., et al. (2019) Agricultural Intensification Reduces Microbial Network Complexity and the Abundance of Keystone Taxa in Roots. TheISMEJournal, 13, 1722-1736. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41396-019-0383-2
[19]
Luo, H., Du, B., He, L., Zheng, A., Pan, S. and Tang, X. (2019) Foliar Application of Sodium Selenate Induces Regulation in Yield Formation, Grain Quality Characters and 2-Acetyl-1-Pyrroline Biosynthesis in Fragrant Rice. BMCPlantBiology, 19, Article No. 502. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12870-019-2104-4
[20]
Ma, D., Yin, L., Ju, W., Li, X., Liu, X., Deng, X., et al. (2021) Meta-Analysis of Green Manure Effects on Soil Properties and Crop Yield in Northern China. FieldCropsResearch, 266, Article 108146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2021.108146
[21]
Reganold, J.P. and Wachter, J.M. (2016) Organic Agriculture in the Twenty-First Century. NaturePlants, 2, Article No. 15221. https://doi.org/10.1038/nplants.2015.221
Sun, F., Pan, K., Olatunji, O.A., Li, Z., Chen, W., Zhang, A., et al. (2019) Specific Legumes Allay Drought Effects on Soil Microbial Food Web Activities of the Focal Species in Agroecosystem. PlantandSoil, 437, 455-471. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-019-03990-6
[24]
Dai, Z., Rizwan, M., Gao, F., Yuan, Y., Huang, H., Hossain, M.M., et al. (2020) Nitric Oxide Alleviates Selenium Toxicity in Rice by Regulating Antioxidation, Selenium Uptake, Speciation and Gene Expression. Environmental Pollution, 257, Article 113540. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113540
[25]
Forge, T.A., Bittman, S. and Kowalenko, C.G. (2005) Responses of Grassland Soil Nematodes and Protozoa to Multi-Year and Single-Year Applications of Dairy Manure Slurry and Fertilizer. SoilBiologyandBiochemistry, 37, 1751-1762. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2004.11.013
[26]
Du, X., Li, Y., Han, X., Ahmad, W. and Li, Q. (2020) Using High-Throughput Sequencing Quantitatively to Investigate Soil Nematode Community Composition in a Steppe-Forest Ecotone. AppliedSoilEcology, 152, Article 103562. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsoil.2020.103562
[27]
Sun, Y., Li, Y., Li, Y., Li, B., Du, X. and Li, Q. (2022) Application of High-Throughput Sequencing Technique in the Study of Nematode Diversity. BiodiversityScience, 30, Article 22266. https://doi.org/10.17520/biods.2022266
[28]
Griffiths, B.S., Donn, S., Neilson, R. and Daniell, T.J. (2006) Molecular Sequencing and Morphological Analysis of a Nematode Community. AppliedSoilEcology, 32, 325-337. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsoil.2005.07.006
[29]
Du, X.F., Liang, W.J. and Li, Q. (2021) DNA Extraction, Amplification and High-Throughput Sequencing of Soil Nematode Community. In: Microbiome Protocols eBook, Bio-101, e2104085.
[30]
Lidon, F.C., Oliveira, K., Galhano, C., Guerra, M., Ribeiro, M.M., Pelica, J., et al. (2018) Selenium Biofortification of Rice through Foliar Application with Selenite and Selenate. ExperimentalAgriculture, 55, 528-542. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0014479718000157
[31]
Bao, S. (2000) Soil and Agricultural Chemistry Analysis. China Agricultural Press.
[32]
Zhao, J. and Wang, K. (2021) Methods for Cleaning Turbid Nematode Suspensions Collected from Different Land-Use Types and Soil Types. SoilEcologyLetters, 4, 429-434. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42832-021-0115-1
[33]
Porazinska, D.L., Giblin‐Davis, R.M., Faller, L., Farmerie, W., Kanzaki, N., Morris, K., et al. (2009) Evaluating High‐Throughput Sequencing as a Method for Metagenomic Analysis of Nematode Diversity. Molecular Ecology Resources, 9, 1439-1450. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-0998.2009.02611.x
[34]
Chen, S., Zhou, Y., Chen, Y. and Gu, J. (2018) Fastp: An Ultra-Fast All-in-One FASTQ Preprocessor. Bioinformatics, 34, i884-i890. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/bty560
[35]
Magoč, T. and Salzberg, S.L. (2011) FLASH: Fast Length Adjustment of Short Reads to Improve Genome Assemblies. Bioinformatics, 27, 2957-2963. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btr507
[36]
Edgar, R.C. (2013) UPARSE: Highly Accurate OTU Sequences from Microbial Amplicon Reads. NatureMethods, 10, 996-998. https://doi.org/10.1038/nmeth.2604
[37]
Bolyen, E., Rideout, J.R., Dillon, M.R., Bokulich, N.A., Abnet, C.C., Al-Ghalith, G.A., et al. (2019) Reproducible, Interactive, Scalable and Extensible Microbiome Data Science Using QIIME 2. NatureBiotechnology, 37, 852-857. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41587-019-0209-9
[38]
Zhao, J., Li, D., Fu, S., He, X., Fu, Z., Zhang, W., et al. (2016) Using the Biomasses of Soil Nematode Taxa as Weighting Factors for Assessing Soil Food Web Conditions. EcologicalIndicators, 60, 310-316. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2015.06.003
[39]
Gao, D., Wang, F., Li, J., Yu, S., Li, Z. and Zhao, J. (2020) Soil Nematode Communities as Indicators of Soil Health in Different Land Use Types in Tropical Area. Nematology, 22, 595-610. https://doi.org/10.1163/15685411-00003325
[40]
Yeates, G.W., Bongers, T., De Goede, R.G.M., Freckman, D.W. and Georgieva, S.S. (1993) Feeding Habits in Soil Nematode Families and Genera-An Outline for Soil Ecologists. JournalofNematology, 25, 315-331.
[41]
Bongers, T. (1990) The Maturity Index: An Ecological Measure of Environmental Disturbance Based on Nematode Species Composition. Oecologia, 83, 14-19. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00324627
[42]
Bongers, T., van der Meulen, H. and Korthals, G. (1997) Inverse Relationship between the Nematode Maturity Index and Plant Parasite Index under Enriched Nutrient Conditions. AppliedSoilEcology, 6, 195-199. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0929-1393(96)00136-9
[43]
Ferris, H. (2010) Form and Function: Metabolic Footprints of Nematodes in the Soil Food Web. EuropeanJournalofSoilBiology, 46, 97-104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejsobi.2010.01.003
[44]
Ferris, H., Bongers, T. and de Goede, R.G.M. (2001) A Framework for Soil Food Web Diagnostics: Extension of the Nematode Faunal Analysis Concept. AppliedSoilEcology, 18, 13-29. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0929-1393(01)00152-4
[45]
Guan, P., Li, J., Hao, C., Yang, J., Song, L., Niu, X., et al. (2023) Precipitation Regulated Soil Nematode Community and Footprint in Cropland Ecosystems. SoilEcologyLetters, 5, Article 230177. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42832-023-0177-3
[46]
Sieriebriennikov, B., Ferris, H. and de Goede, R.G.M. (2014) NINJA: An Automated Calculation System for Nematode-Based Biological Monitoring. EuropeanJournalofSoilBiology, 61, 90-93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejsobi.2014.02.004
[47]
Neilson, R., Caul, S., Fraser, F.C., King, D., Mitchell, S.M., Roberts, D.M., et al. (2020) Microbial Community Size Is a Potential Predictor of Nematode Functional Group in Limed Grasslands. AppliedSoilEcology, 156, Article 103702. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsoil.2020.103702
[48]
Gryndler, M., Larsen, J., Hršelová, H., Řezáčová, V., Gryndlerová, H. and Kubát, J. (2006) Organic and Mineral Fertilization, Respectively, Increase and Decrease the Development of External Mycelium of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi in a Long-Term Field Experiment. Mycorrhiza, 16, 159-166. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00572-005-0027-4
[49]
Sun, C.X., Chen, X., Cao, M.M., Li, M.Q. and Zhang, Y.L. (2017) Growth and Metabolic Responses of Maize Roots to Straw Biochar Application at Different Rates. PlantandSoil, 416, 487-502. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-017-3229-6
[50]
Li, Q., Jiang, Y., Liang, W., Lou, Y., Zhang, E. and Liang, C. (2010) Long-Term Effect of Fertility Management on the Soil Nematode Community in Vegetable Production under Greenhouse Conditions. AppliedSoilEcology, 46, 111-118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsoil.2010.06.016
[51]
Chen, Y.F., Han, X.M., Li, Y.F. and Hu, C. (2014) Approach of Nematode Fauna Analysis Indicate the Structure and Function of Soil Food Web. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 34, 1072-1084. https://doi.org/10.5846/stxb201307021821
[52]
Zhao, K., Jing, X., Sanders, N.J., Chen, L., Shi, Y., Flynn, D.F.B., et al. (2017) On the Controls of Abundance for Soil‐dwelling Organisms on the Tibetan Plateau. Ecosphere, 8, e01901. https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.1901
[53]
Kandel, S.L., Smiley, R.W., Garland-Campbell, K., Elling, A.A., Huggins, D. and Paulitz, T.C. (2018) Spatial Distribution of Root Lesion Nematodes (Pratylenchus spp.) in a Long-Term No-Till Cropping System and Their Relationship with Soil and Landscape Properties. EuropeanJournalofPlantPathology, 150, 1011-1021. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10658-017-1341-3
[54]
Kim, K., Daly, E.J., Gorzelak, M. and Hernandez-Ramirez, G. (2022) Soil Organic Matter Pools Response to Perennial Grain Cropping and Nitrogen Fertilizer. SoilandTillageResearch, 220, Article 105376. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2022.105376
[55]
Li, J., Wang, D., Fan, W., He, R., Yao, Y., Sun, L., et al. (2018) Comparative Effects of Different Organic Materials on Nematode Community in Continuous Soybean Monoculture Soil. AppliedSoilEcology, 125, 12-17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsoil.2017.12.013
[56]
Sánchez-Moreno, S., Cano, M., López-Pérez, A. and Rey Benayas, J.M. (2018) Microfaunal Soil Food Webs in Mediterranean Semi-Arid Agroecosystems. Does Organic Management Improve Soil Health? AppliedSoilEcology, 125, 138-147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsoil.2017.12.020
[57]
Du Preez, G., Daneel, M., De Goede, R., Du Toit, M.J., Ferris, H., Fourie, H., et al. (2022) Nematode-Based Indices in Soil Ecology: Application, Utility, and Future Directions. SoilBiologyandBiochemistry, 169, Article 108640. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2022.108640
[58]
Liang, S., Kou, X., Li, Y., Lü, X., Wang, J. and Li, Q. (2020) Soil Nematode Community Composition and Stability under Different Nitrogen Additions in a Semiarid Grassland. GlobalEcologyandConservation, 22, e00965. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gecco.2020.e00965
[59]
Chen, D., Lan, Z., Bai, X., Grace, J.B. and Bai, Y. (2013) Evidence That Acidification‐induced Declines in Plant Diversity and Productivity Are Mediated by Changes in Below‐Ground Communities and Soil Properties in a Semi‐Arid Steppe. Journal of Ecology, 101, 1322-1334. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.12119
[60]
Van den Hoogen, J., Geisen, S., Routh, D., Ferris, H., Traunspurger, W., Wardle, D.A., et al. (2019) Soil Nematode Abundance and Functional Group Composition at a Global Scale. Nature, 572, 194-198. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1418-6
[61]
Wu, W., Yuan, Y., Zhang, J., Zhou, L., Wang, J., Ren, H., et al. (2022) Dynamics of Soil Nematode Community during the Succession of Forests in Southern Subtropical China. BiodiversityScience, 30, Article 22205. https://doi.org/10.17520/biods.2022205
[62]
Tejada, M., Gonzalez, J.L., García-Martínez, A.M. and Parrado, J. (2008) Application of a Green Manure and Green Manure Composted with Beet Vinasse on Soil Restoration: Effects on Soil Properties. BioresourceTechnology, 99, 4949-4957. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2007.09.026
[63]
Bongiorno, G., Bodenhausen, N., Bünemann, E.K., Brussaard, L., Geisen, S., Mäder, P., et al. (2019) Reduced Tillage, but Not Organic Matter Input, Increased Nematode Diversity and Food Web Stability in European Long‐Term Field Experiments. MolecularEcology, 28, 4987-5005. https://doi.org/10.1111/mec.15270
[64]
Sun, F., Coulibaly, S.F.M., Cheviron, N., Mougin, C., Hedde, M., Maron, P., et al. (2023) The Multi-Year Effect of Different Agroecological Practices on Soil Nematodes and Soil Respiration. PlantandSoil, 490, 109-124. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-023-06062-y
[65]
Pan, F., McLaughlin, N.B., Yu, Q., Xue, A.G., Xu, Y., Han, X., et al. (2010) Responses of Soil Nematode Community Structure to Different Long-Term Fertilizer Strategies in the Soybean Phase of a Soybean-Wheat-Corn Rotation. EuropeanJournalofSoilBiology, 46, 105-111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejsobi.2010.01.004
[66]
Zhang, G., Sui, X., Li, Y., Jia, M., Wang, Z., Han, G., et al. (2020) The Response of Soil Nematode Fauna to Climate Drying and Warming in Stipa breviflora Desert Steppe in Inner Mongolia, China. Journal of Soils and Sediments, 20, 2166-2180. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-019-02555-5
