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酸性矿山废水的环境影响及其治理技术：研究进展与展望
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Abstract:
酸性矿山废水是矿区及周边地区面临的重大环境问题。酸性矿山废水是含硫矿石在采矿作业中产生的，含硫矿石或废物暴露于水、氧气中，在微生物存在下，经一系列生物化学反应作用而形成的废水。其中大量硫化物和重金属离子的释放造成水体酸化，直接破坏水环境平衡，引起水生生态系统的剧烈变动，加剧重金属迁移，对土壤、地下水、农业生产构成威胁，同时也给人类健康带来潜在风险。针对这一问题，当前治理措施主要包括吸附处理、化学中和、微生物修复以及人工湿地等多种技术。本文梳理分析酸性矿山废水的生成机理、环境影响与治理技术，为酸性矿山废水治理和可持续发展提供理论支持和辅助作用，未来研究应聚焦于治理技术的可操作性、无害化、投入产出比，以期实现技术的规模应用和长期效用。
Acid mine drainage (AMD) is a major environmental issue affecting mining areas and their surrounding regions. It is generated during mining operations when sulfur-bearing ores or waste materials are exposed to water and oxygen, undergoing a series of biochemical reactions in the presence of microorganisms. The release of large amounts of sulfides and heavy metal ions leads to water acidification, directly disrupting aquatic environmental balance, causing severe disturbances to aquatic ecosystems, and accelerating heavy metal migration. This poses threats to soil, groundwater, and agricultural production while also presenting potential health risks to humans. To address this issue, current remediation measures mainly include adsorption treatment, chemical neutralization, microbial remediation, and constructed wetlands, among other technologies. This paper systematically analyzes the formation mechanisms, environmental impacts, and remediation technologies of AMD, providing theoretical support and guidance for AMD treatment and sustainable development. Future research should focus on the feasibility, environmental safety, and cost-effectiveness of treatment technologies to achieve large-scale application and long-term effectiveness.
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