During a flood event the volume and complexity of municipal solid waste (MSW) increases, which presents considerable challenges to waste management systems that are already under stress especially in developing countries. This study investigates the impact of annual floods on municipal solid waste management systems in Limbe, Cameroon, focusing on community-based strategies. It employs a mixed-methods approach, combining quantitative data on waste composition and volume with qualitative data from resident surveys and interviews with officials. Findings reveal significant increases in waste volume during floods, inadequate waste disposal practices, and limited awareness of flood risk and waste management among residents. This study emphasizes the need to integrate flood waste management into the DWM framework and enhance the sustainability and effectiveness of the waste management system in the face of increasing climate-induced disasters.
References
[1]
Aggarwal, G., Ratnoo, R., Bindal, M. K., Raman, D., & Kumar, S. (2023). Solid Waste Management in Post-Disaster Situations (p. 87). National Institute of Disaster Management.
[2]
Andin, S. E. (2012). Natural Disasters and Disaster Management in the Limbe Municipality 1990-2007. University of Buea.
[3]
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2005). Guidelines for Preventing the Transmission of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Health-Care Settings, 2005. MMWR.
[4]
Douglas, I. (2017). Flooding in African Cities, Scales of Causes, Teleconnections, Risks, Vulnerability and Impacts. InternationalJournalofDisasterRiskReduction,26, 34-42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2017.09.024
[5]
Ewoko, M. N. (2010). Municipal Solid Waste Management, Limbe Municipality Cameroon. Mid Sweden University.
[6]
Ferronato, N., & Torretta, V. (2019). Waste Mismanagement in Developing Countries: A Review of Global Issues. InternationalJournalofEnvironmentalResearchandPublicHealth,16, Article 1060. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16061060
[7]
Karki, S., Niraula, S. R., & Karki, S. (2020). Perceived Risk and Associated Factors of Healthcare Waste in Selected Hospitals of Kathmandu, Nepal. PLOSONE,15, e0235982. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0235982
[8]
Lambi, C. M., Kometa, S. S., & Fombe, L. F. (2002). Environmental Hazards and Land Use Planning for Sustainable Development: The Limbe Unstable Coastal Region, Cameroon. In R. G. Macinnes, & J. Jakeways (Eds.), Instability: Planning and Management; Seeking Sustainable Solutions to Ground Movement Problems (pp. 151-160). Thomas Telford.
[9]
Lucas, B. (2021). Urban Flood Risks, Impacts, and Management in Nigeria; K4D Helpdesk Report 948, Issue. Institute of Development Studies.
[10]
Mahajan, J., & Vakharia, A. J. (2016). Waste Management: A Reverse Supply Chain Perspective. Vikalpa:TheJournalforDecisionMakers,41, 197-208. https://doi.org/10.1177/0256090916659029
[11]
Manaf, L. A., Samah, M. A. A., & Zukki, N. I. M. (2009). Municipal Solid Waste Management in Malaysia: Practices and Challenges. WasteManagement,29, 2902-2906. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2008.07.015
[12]
Manga, V. E., Forton, O. T., & Read, A. D. (2008). Waste Management in Cameroon: A New Policy Perspective? Resources,ConservationandRecycling,52, 592-600. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2007.07.003
[13]
Mihai, F., & Taherzadeh, M. J. (2017). Introductory Chapter: Rural Waste Management Issues at Global Level. In F. C. Mihai (Ed.), SolidWasteManagementinRuralAreas. InTech Open. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.70268
[14]
Mohamed, L. F., Ebrahim, S. A., & Al-Thukair, A. A. (2010). Hazardous Healthcare Waste Management in the Kingdom of Bahrain. Waste Management, 29, 2404-2409. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2009.02.015
[15]
Ndille, R., & Belle, J. A. (2014). Managing the Limbe Floods: Considerations for Disaster Risk Reduction in Cameroon. InternationalJournalofDisasterRiskScience,5, 147-156. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13753-014-0019-0
[16]
Roudier, P., Ducharne, A., & Feyen, L. (2014). Climate Change Impacts on Runoff in West Africa: A Review. HydrologyandEarthSystemSciences,18, 2789-2801. https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-2789-2014
[17]
Salami, R. O., Von Meding, J. K., & Giggins, H. (2017). Urban Settlements’ Vulnerability to Flood Risks in African Cities: A Conceptual Framework. Jàmbá:JournalofDisasterRiskStudies,9, a370. https://doi.org/10.4102/jamba.v9i1.370
[18]
UNDRR (2015). Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030. United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction.
[19]
Wantim, M. N., Zisuh, A. F., Tendong, N. S., Mbua, R. L., Findi, E. N., & Ayonghe, S. N. (2023). Strategies and Perceptions Towards Flood Control and Waste Management in Limbe City, Cameroon. JàmbáJournalofDisasterRiskStudies,15, a1390. https://doi.org/10.4102/jamba.v15i1.1390
[20]
Yukalang, N., Clarke, B., & Ross, K. (2017). Barriers to Effective Municipal Solid Waste Management in a Rapidly Urbanizing Area in Thailand. InternationalJournalofEnvironmentalResearchandPublicHealth,14, Article 1013. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14091013
[21]
Zurbrügg, C. (2013). Urban Solid Waste Managementin Low-Income CountriesofAsia—How to Cope withthe Garbage Crisis? Scientific Committee on Problems of the Environment (SCOPE).