社会地位获得中的非认知因素——基于整班学生职业生涯的质性研究
Non-Cognitive Factors in the Acquisition of Social Status—A Qualitative Analysis Based on the Career Trajectories of an Entire Class of Students

在社会分层与流动研究中，自致因素常被定义为与智力、能力等认知性因素相关的变量，但是与个人性格特征、勤奋努力、人生规划、社会交往能力以及不良习惯等非认知能力相关的变量往往受到忽视。本研究通过对出身农村的两个班级青年生命历程的质性研究，分析了上述因素在社会地位流动中的影响。研究表明，出身地位几乎一致的农村青年经过二三十年的教育和职业发展，社会地位的差异显著。那些成功实现地位流动的青年，普遍具有较高的人生成就动机和相对明确的人生阶段性目标，制定切合实际的规划，勤奋努力成为促成他们地位获得最核心的微观因素。他们不仅具备较强的内驱力，也具备较好的人际交往能力；处在社会下层的青年，他们普遍安于现状，缺乏明确的目标和规划，因此也缺乏提升社会地位的动力。与人际交往能力的弱项相比，个人不良的生活习惯乃至一些社会越轨行为，从根本上限制了底层青年向上流动的可能。社会流动研究关注个体视角的微观分析，为消解结构决定性和个人能动性之间的二元对立，提供了有益的参考。
In the study of social stratification and mobility, self-caused factors are often defined as variables related to cognitive factors such as intelligence and ability. However, variables related to non-cognitive abilities, such as personal character traits, diligence, life planning, social interaction skills, and bad habits, are often overlooked. This study conducts a qualitative analysis of the life courses of two classes of rural youths, examining the influence of these factors on social status mobility. The research shows that, after two to three decades of education and career development, rural youths with nearly identical social origins exhibit significant differences in their social status. Those who successfully achieved status mobility generally have higher achievement motivation and relatively clear life stage goals. They set practical plans, and their diligence and hard work become the most core micro-factors contributing to their social mobility. These individuals not only possess strong intrinsic motivation but also exhibit good interpersonal skills. On the other hand, youths from lower social strata are generally content with their current situation, lack clear goals and plans, and therefore lack the motivation to improve their social status. Compared to their weakness in interpersonal skills, poor personal habits and even some deviant social behaviors fundamentally limit the potential for upward mobility for these youths. The micro-level analysis from the individual perspective in social mobility research provides useful insights for dissolving the binary opposition between structural determinism and individual agency.