电动汽车补贴与国际贸易规则的冲突：以美国《通胀削减法案》为视角
Conflict between Electric Vehicle Subsidies and International Trade Rules: A Perspective on the U.S. Inflation Reduction Act

本文旨在分析美国《通胀削减法案》中的电动汽车补贴条款及其可能违反的WTO规则。通过对该法案中涉及的税收抵免政策、关键矿物质和电池部件要求进行详细分析，本文探讨了其如何通过本地化要求影响国际贸易，并提出该政策可能违反WTO的最惠国待遇和国民待遇原则。尤其是针对中国和其他非自由贸易区成员，本文分析了该法案可能带来的贸易壁垒，并结合相关案例如“美国可再生能源案”对比，揭示了类似措施在WTO争端解决中的潜在法律风险。最终，本文指出，在全球经济一体化的背景下，美国这一政策不仅可能引发国际争议，也凸显了在全球绿色转型过程中，如何平衡国内产业保护与国际贸易自由的挑战。
This paper aims to analyze the electric vehicle subsidy provisions in the U.S. Inflation Reduction Act and their potential violations of WTO rules. Through a detailed examination of the tax credit policies, key mineral and battery component requirements, this paper explores how the localization demands in the Act affect international trade and suggests that the policy may violate the WTO’ Most-Favored-Nation (MFN) and National Treatment principles. In particular, the paper analyzes the trade barriers the Act might create for China and other non-free trade area members, drawing comparisons to the “U.S. Renewable Energy Case” to reveal the potential legal risks of similar measures in WTO dispute resolution. Ultimately, this paper points out that in the context of global economic integration, this U.S. policy could not only trigger international disputes but also highlights the challenges of balancing domestic industry protection with international trade freedom in the process of global green transition.