Government Budgeting and Expenditure: A Multifaceted Analysis of Economic Growth, Fiscal Sustainability, and Social Impact

Government budgeting and expenditure policies play a central role in shaping national economic trajectories, influencing fiscal sustainability, and determining the quality of public services. This article provides a comprehensive review of the multifaceted effects of public budgeting, addressing key issues such as the impact of government spending on economic growth, the dynamics of budget deficits and public debt sustainability, and the roles of fiscal rules, gender budgeting, and political cycles. Additional attention is given to the effectiveness of performance-based budgeting, the challenges of balancing budgets in welfare states, and the implications of military spending, budget transparency, and participatory budgeting on governance and public trust. Further discussions analyze how fiscal decentralization, off-budget expenditures, and differing budgeting frameworks between federal and unitary states affect long-term economic stability and public finance. By synthesizing empirical and theoretical insights, this article offers policy recommendations to enhance fiscal discipline, encourage citizen engagement, and promote sustainable economic growth.