A 4.5-year-old boy and a 5-year-old girl are presented because they showed behavioral changes after the flu vaccine. Besides the known side effects of the flu vaccine, encephalopathy is rare and not well-known by pediatricians. This case was presented to increase awareness of this issue and inform family physicians and pediatricians about this subject.
References
[1]
Abdelhady, M., Husain, M. A., Hawas, Y., Elazb, M. A., Mansour, L. S., Mohamed, M. et al. (2023). Encephalitis Following COVID-19 Vaccination: A Systematic Review. Vaccines, 11, Article 576. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11030576
[2]
Asatryan, A., Pool, V., Chen, R. T., Kohl, K. S., Davis, R. L., & Iskander, J. K. (2008). Live Attenuated Measles and Mumps Viral Strain-Containing Vaccines and Hearing Loss: Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS), United States, 1990-2003. Vaccine, 26, 1166-1172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2007.12.049
[3]
Balasubramanian, I., Faheem, A., Padhy, S. K., & Menon, V. (2022). Psychiatric Adverse Reactions to COVID-19 Vaccines: A Rapid Review of Published Case Reports. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 71, Article 103129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2022.103129
[4]
Bale, J. F. (2004). Topical Review: Neurologic Complications of Immunization. Journal of Child Neurology, 19, 405-412. https://doi.org/10.1177/088307380401900602
[5]
Bhattacharyya, S., Darby, R. R., Raibagkar, P., Gonzalez Castro, L. N., & Berkowitz, A. L. (2016). Antibiotic-Associated Encephalopathy. Neurology, 86, 963-971. https://doi.org/10.1212/wnl.0000000000002455
[6]
Claes, L., Del-Favero, J., Ceulemans, B., Lagae, L., Van Broeckhoven, C., & De Jonghe, P. (2001). De Novo Mutations in the Sodium-Channel Gene SCN1A Cause Severe Myoclonic Epilepsy of Infancy. The American Journal of Human Genetics, 68, 1327-1332. https://doi.org/10.1086/320609
[7]
Doja, A. (2008). Genetics and the Myth of Vaccine Encephalopathy. Paediatrics & Child Health, 13, 597-599. https://doi.org/10.1093/pch/13.7.597
Farooq, O., Memon, Z., Stojanovski, S. D., & Faden, H. S. (2011). Azithromycin-Induced Agitation and Choreoathetosis. Pediatric Neurology, 44, 311-313. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2010.11.014
[10]
Irimia, P., Belvís, R., González-García, N. M., Sancho, V., Moreno Loscertales, C., García Rubio, S., & Mur, S. D. (2023). Hashimoto Encephalopathy after Vaccination against SARS-CoV-2. Neurología, 38, 599-607.
[11]
Kim, J. H., Kim, T., Kim, W., Kim, S., Hong, Y. J., Lim, E. et al. (2024). The Incidence and Predictors of Antibiotic-Associated Encephalopathy: A Multicenter Hospital-Based Study. Scientific Reports, 14, Article No. 8747. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-59555-w
[12]
Kita, A., Fuyuno, Y., Matsuura, H., Yamaguchi, Y., Okuhira, K., & Kimoto, S. (2023). Psychiatric Adverse Reaction to COVID-19 Vaccine Booster Presenting as First-Episode Acute Mania with Psychotic Features: A Case Report. Psychiatry Research Case Reports, 2, Article 100143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psycr.2023.100143
[13]
Morens, D. M., Halsey, N. A., Schonberger, L. B., & Baublis, J. V. (1979). Reye Syndrome Associated with Vaccination with Live Virus Vaccines. Clinical Pediatrics, 18, 42-44. https://doi.org/10.1177/000992287901800105
[14]
Mouliou, D. S., & Dardiotis, E. (2022). Current Evidence in Sars-Cov-2 mRNA Vaccines and Post-Vaccination Adverse Reports: Knowns and Unknowns. Diagnostics, 12, Article 1555. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics12071555
[15]
Sell, E., & Minassian, B. A. (2006). Demystifying Vaccination-Associated Encephalopathy. The Lancet Neurology, 5, 465-466. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1474-4422(06)70452-5
[16]
Stratton, K. R. (1994). Adverse Events Associated with Childhood Vaccines Other than Pertussis and Rubella. Journal of the American Medical Association, 271, 1602-1605. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.1994.03510440062034
[17]
Uvais, N. A. (2021). Bipolar Mania Following ChAdOx1-S/nCoV-19 Vaccination. The Primary Care Companion for CNS Disorders, 24, 21cr03158. https://doi.org/10.4088/pcc.21cr03158
[18]
Vogrig, A., Muñiz-Castrillo, S., Joubert, B., Picard, G., Rogemond, V., Marchal, C. et al. (2020). Central Nervous System Complications Associated with Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry, 91, 772-778. https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp-2020-323055
[19]
Yesilkaya, U. H., Sen, M., & Tasdemir, B. G. (2021). A Novel Adverse Effect of the BNT162b2 mRNA Vaccine: First Episode of Acute Mania with Psychotic Features. Brain, Behavior, & Immunity-Health, 18, Article 100363. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbih.2021.100363
[20]
Zhou, W., Pool, V., Iskander, J. K., Bullard, R. E. et al. (2003). Surveillance for Safety after Immunization: Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS)—United States, 1991-2001. MMWR Surveillance Summaries, 52, 1-24.