Clinical Research Progress on the Role of Body Composition in the Occurrence of Pulmonary Complications after Radical Resection of Esophageal Cancer

Radical resection of esophageal cancer is a crucial treatment modality for early-stage or locally advanced esophageal cancer. Although surgical techniques have been continuously advancing, due to the complexity of this operation, poor postoperative prognosis frequently occurs. Postoperative complications often have an impact on patients’ quality of life and survival time, with pulmonary complications being relatively common. This article reviews the research literature at home and abroad in recent years regarding the role of body composition in the occurrence of pulmonary complications after radical resection of esophageal cancer, and deeply explores the key role of body composition parameters (such as skeletal muscle mass, fat distribution, and body mass index) in predicting postoperative prognosis and guiding clinical interventions. Sarcopenia is associated with adverse prognoses like pulmonary complications and can weaken the immune response. Abnormal visceral fat distribution can trigger systemic inflammation, affect metabolic recovery, and increase the risk of postoperative complications. Tools such as imaging techniques (CT, MRI), non-invasive methods (bioelectrical impedance analysis, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry), and functional assessments (grip strength test, walking test) can provide data support for patient risk stratification and the development of personalized intervention plans. This review aims to promote the optimization of esophageal cancer treatment plans and the improvement of patients’ prognoses. Meanwhile, it points out that current related research faces challenges in terms of research methods, control of individual differences, and standardization of intervention measures.