基于哈尔滨市采暖期和非采暖期大气颗粒物污染状况差异的整治措施研究
Research on Remedial Measures Based on the Differences in Atmospheric Particulate Matter Pollution Status between Heating and Non-Heating Periods in Harbin City

近几年来，随着中国社会经济的腾飞和人口的剧增，城市化和工业化也随之飞速发展，伴随而来的大气污染问题日益严重，空气质量问题已成为了全球关注的焦点环境问题。哈尔滨市位于中国东北部，是黑龙江省的省会，也是东北地区重要的政经文中心，但其大气环境质量却不容乐观。由于哈尔滨市冬季寒冷且漫长，长达半年之久采暖期造成了燃煤排放的颗粒物浓度明显高于非采暖期。采暖期与非采暖期相比雾霾天气频发，并且主要由于采暖产生的PM_2.5和PM₁₀两种大气颗粒物对人类和环境都会造成一定的影响。本文以2020年为例，分析出哈尔滨市采暖期与非采暖期的大气颗粒物污染状况存在显著差异，并对原因进行了分析。具体原因如下：自然原因包括逆温现象、冬季风速低、降水量小；人为原因包括燃煤源、工业源、交通源以及建筑工地的扬尘。基于以上原因提出相关建议及措施：(1) 植树造林，扩大绿地面积；(2) 开发绿色新能源，实现低碳转型；(3) 政府从严要求，提高整治标准。以上几个方面综合来看，哈尔滨市对大气污染的防治已付出了巨大的努力并取得了一定的成效，整体呈现出良好的发展态势。
In recent years, with the rapid development of China’s social economy and population, urbanization and industrialization have also developed rapidly. The accompanying air pollution problem has become increasingly serious, and air quality has become a global focus on environmental issues. Harbin, located in northeastern China, is the capital of Heilongjiang Province and an important political, economic, and cultural center in the region. However, its atmospheric environment quality is not optimistic. Due to the cold and long winter season in Harbin, which lasts for six months, the concentration of particulate matter emitted from coal combustion is significantly higher during the heating period than during the non-heating period. Compared with the non-heating period, haze weather occurs more frequently during the heating period, mainly due to the impact of PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ atmospheric particles generated by heating on both humans and the environment. This article takes 2020 as an example to analyze the significant differences in atmospheric particulate matter pollution between heating and non-heating periods in Harbin City, and analyzes the reasons for these differences. The specific reasons are as follows: natural causes include temperature inversion, low winter wind speed, and low precipitation; Human factors include coal-fired sources, industrial sources, transportation sources, and dust emissions from construction sites. Based on the above reasons, relevant suggestions and measures are proposed: (1) Afforestation and expanding green space area; (2) Developing green new energy and achieving low-carbon transformation; (3) The government strictly demands and raises the standards for rectification. Overall, Harbin has made tremendous efforts and achieved certain results in the prevention and control of air pollution, showing a good development trend.