重构“肥料社会”：传统乡村垃圾收集与制肥实践的现代启示
Reconstructing the “Fertilizer Society”: Modern Inspirations from Traditional Rural Household Garbage Collection and Fertilizer-Making Practices

简单延用城市环境治理办法应对农村环境问题的做法十分常见。农村垃圾进城，放大了农村环境问题，也改变了乡村社会中人与废物的关系。本研究试图通过系统挖掘与呈现一个村落社会传统时期生活垃圾分类收集与制肥的地方性知识与实践，反思当下农村生活垃圾处置的不足。“肥料社会”是理解与认识传统乡村社会的重要视角，“超过密化”的乡村生产生活实践是物尽其用的经济基础，种养结合的生计结构是废物流动与转化的生态基础，围绕肥料的稀缺而开展的社会组织及文化安排是“肥料社会”的文化支撑。就当下农村生活垃圾处置而言，反思传统乡村社会中人与废物的关系，借鉴农村废物充分利用的地方性知识，有助于增强环境治理中农村社会的自主性。借助绿色农业发展的契机，重构现代乡村社会的物质能量循环，应是未来农村有机废弃物处置变革的发展方向。
It is very common to simply extend urban environmental governance methods to deal with rural environmental problems. Rural garbage flowing into cities not only magnifies rural environmental problems but also changes the relationship between people and waste in rural society. This study attempts to systematically excavate and present the local knowledge and practices of household garbage classification, collection and fertilizer-making in a traditional village society, and reflect on the deficiencies of current rural household garbage disposal. The “fertilizer society” is an important perspective for understanding and recognizing traditional rural society. The rural production and lifestyle practices of “over-intensification” serve as the economic foundation for making the best use of every resource. The livelihood structure of the combination of planting and breeding is the ecological foundation for the flow and transformation of waste. The social organization and cultural arrangements carried out around the scarcity of fertilizers are the cultural support of the “fertilizer society”. For the current rural household garbage disposal, reflecting on the relationship between people and waste in traditional rural society and drawing on the local knowledge of the full utilization of rural waste can help enhance the autonomy of rural society in environmental governance. With the opportunity of the development of green agriculture, reconstructing the material and energy cycle of modern rural society should be the development direction of future changes in rural organic waste disposal.