19世纪末20世纪初欧洲生态危机与精神生态危机——从易卜生的中后期戏剧说起
The Ecological Crisis and Spiritual Ecological Crisis in Europe at the End of the 19th Century and the Beginning of the 20th Century—Starting from Ibsen’s Mid to Late Period Plays

19世纪末20世纪初，欧洲大陆遭遇了前所未有的生态危机与精神生态危机。工业革命在极大地丰富人类物质财富的同时，也加速了物种灭绝的进程，并引发了河流与大气污染等问题。与此同时，工业化进程带来的精神生态危机同样不容忽视。机器逐渐取代人力，导致人们普遍感受到了焦虑与空虚，社会不平等现象亦日益加剧。易卜生的作品深刻地揭示了这一时代的双重危机，其剧中人物如艾莉达、海达·高布乐等所表现出的焦虑和空虚，正是世纪末欧洲人普遍心态的写照。易卜生的作品不仅是对这一时代危机的真实写照，更为后世提供了深刻的启示与思考。
At the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century, the European continent faced unprecedented ecological and spiritual crises. The Industrial Revolution not only greatly enriched human material wealth, but also accelerated the process of species extinction and caused problems such as river and air pollution. At the same time, the spiritual ecological crisis brought about by the industrialization process cannot be ignored. Machines are gradually replacing human labor, leading to widespread feelings of anxiety and emptiness among people, and increasing social inequality. Ibsen’s works profoundly reveal the dual crisis of this era, and the anxiety and emptiness exhibited by characters such as Alida and Haida Gaubert are a reflection of the common mentality of Europeans at the end of the century. Ibsen’s works are not only a true portrayal of the crisis of this era, but also provide profound inspiration and reflection for future generations.