全部 标题 作者
关键词 摘要

OALib Journal期刊
ISSN: 2333-9721
费用:99美元

查看量下载量

相关文章

更多...

Oxidative Degradation of Plastic Bottle Tops in an Arid, Terrestrial Environment—Identifying Oxidative Degradation by Infrared Spectroscopy

DOI: 10.4236/jep.2025.162004, PP. 66-86

Keywords: Plastics, Polythene, Polypropylene, Plastic Bottle Tops, Fragmentation, Microplastics, Infrared Spectroscopy, Oxidation Index

Full-Text   Cite this paper   Add to My Lib

Abstract:

This communication looks at the photo-oxidation of polythene and polypropylene plastic bottle tops that are placed on soil in a hot arid environment. The degree of oxidation of the plastic is monitored by FT-IR spectroscopy. It is noted that while different bottle top types photo-oxidize at different rates, all show an appreciable level of oxidation after half a year of exposure to the environment. The oxidation leads to brittleness of the plastic, which leads to fissure formation in bottle tops of little thickness. This leads to fragmentation of the material upon impact, making plastic bottle tops an appreciable source of microplastics.

References

[1]  Pilapitiya, P.G.C.N.T. and Ratnayake, A.S. (2024) The World of Plastic Waste: A Review. Cleaner Materials, 11, Article 100220.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clema.2024.100220
[2]  Zhang, S., Wang, W., Yan, P., Wang, J., Yan, S., Liu, X. and Aurangzeib, M. (2023) Microplastic Migration and Distribution in the Terrestrial and Aquatic Environments: A Threat to Biotic Safety. Journal of Environmental Management, 333, Article 117412.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.117412
[3]  Rellán, A.G., Vázquez Ares, D., Vázquez Brea, C., López, A.F. and Bugallo, P.M.B. (2023) Sources, Sinks and Transformations of Plastics in Our Oceans: Review, Management Strategies and Modelling. Science of the Total Environment, 854, Article 158745.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158745
[4]  Yang, Y., Jalalah, M., Alsareii, S.A., Harraz, F.A., Thakur, N., Zheng, Y., Koutb, M., Yoon, Y. and Salama, E.-S. (2024) Plastic Wastes (PWs) and Microplastics (MPs) Formation: Management, Migration, and Environmental Impact. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 12, Article 112926.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2024.112926
[5]  Geyer, R., Jambeck, J.R. and Law, K.L. (2017) Production, Use, and Fate of All Plastics ever Made. Science Advances, 3, e1700782.
https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1700782
[6]  Kong, W., Jalalah, M., Alsareii, S.A., Harraz, F.A., Almadiy, A.A., Zheng, Y., Thakur, N. and Salama, E.-S. (2023) Microplastics (MPs) in Wastewater Treatment Plants Sludges: Substrates, Digestive Properties, Microbial Communities, Mechanisms, and Treatments. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 11, Article 111408.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2023.111408
[7]  Zhang, K., Hamidian, A.H., Tubić, A., Zhang, Y., Fang, J.K.H., Wu, C. and Lam, P.K.S. (2021) Understanding Plastic Degradation and Microplastic Formation in the Environment: A Review. Environmental Pollution, 274, Article 116554.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2021.116554
[8]  Andrady, A.L., Barnes, P.W., Bornman, J.F., Gouin, T., Madronich, S., White, C.C., Zepp, R.G. and Jansen, M.A.K. (2022) Oxidation and Fragmentation of Plastics in a Changing Environment; from UV-Radiation to Biological Degradation. Science of the Total Environment, 851, Article 158022.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158022
[9]  Piemonte, V. and Gironi, F. (2013) Kinetics of Hydrolytic Degradation of PLA. Journal of Polymers and the Environment, 21, 313-318.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10924-012-0547-x
[10]  Born, M.P. and Schüttrumpf, H. (2020) Microplastic in Coastal Areas—Impact of Waves, Sediments and Saltwater on the Degradation Behaviour. In: Cocca, M., et al. Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Microplastic Pollution in the Mediterranean Sea, ICMPMS 2019, Springer Water, Springer, 158-163.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45909-3_25
[11]  Corcoran, P.L., Biesinger, M.C. and Grifi, M. (2009) Plastics and Beaches: A Degrading Relationship. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 58, 80-84.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2008.08.022
[12]  Tamis, J.E., Koelmans, A.A., Dröge, R., Kaag, N.H.B.M, Keur, M.C., Tromp, P.C. and Jongbloed, R.H. (2021) Environmental Risks of Car Tire Microplastic Particles and Other Road Runoff Pollutants. Microplastics & Nanoplastics, 1, Article No. 10.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s43591-021-00008-w
[13]  Li, J.-Y., Yu, Y., Craig, N.J., He, W. and Su, L. (2023) Interactions between Microplastics and Insects in Terrestrial Ecosystems—A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 462, Article 132783.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132783
[14]  Al Kaabi, M. and Thiemann, T. (2024) Degradation of Plastics in a Single Weather Event. (In Press)
[15]  Bacha, A.U.R., Nabi, I., Zaheer, M., Jin, W. and Yang, L. (2023) Biodegradation of Macro-and Micro-Plastics in Environment: A Review on Mechanism, Toxicity, and Future Perspectives. Science of the Total Environment, 858, Article 160108.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160108
[16]  Potrykus, M., Redko, V., Głowacka, K., Piotrowicz-Cieślak, A., Szarlej, P., Janik, H. and Wolska, L. (2021) Polypropylene Structure Alterations after 5 Years of Natural Degradation in a Waste Landfill. Science of The Total Environment, 758, Article 143649.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143649
[17]  EFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) (2016) Presence of Microplastics and Nanoplastics in Food, with Particular Focus on Seafood. EFSA Journal, 14, e04501.
https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2016.4501
[18]  Heddagaard, F.E. and Møller, P. (2020) Hazard Assessment of Small-Size Plastic Particles: Is the Conceptual Framework of Particle Toxicology Useful? Food and Chemical Toxicology, 136, Article 111106.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2019.111106
[19]  Habib, R.Z., Abdoon, M., Al Meqbaali, R., Ghebremedhin, F., Elkashlan, M., Kittaneh, W.F., Cherupurakal, N., Mourad, A.-H.I., Thiemann, T. and Al Kindi, R. (2020) Analysis of Microbeads in Cosmetic Products in the United Arab Emirates. Environmental Pollution, 258, Article 113831.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113831
[20]  Zhang, J., Peng, M., Lian, E., Asimakopoulos, A.G., Luo, S. and Wang, L. (2023) Identification of Poly(Ethylene terephthalate) Nanoplastics in Commercially Bottled Drinking Water Using Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy. Environmental Science & Technology, 57, 8365-8372.
https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.3c00842
[21]  Akyildiz, S.H., Fiore, S., Bruno, M., Sezgin, H., Yalcin-Enis, I., Yalcin, B. and Bellopede, R. (2024) Release of Microplastic Fibers from Synthetic Textiles during Household Washing. Environmental Pollution, 357, Article 124455.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2024.124455
[22]  Arif, Y., Mir, A.R., Zieliński, P., Hayat, S. and Bajguz, A. (2024) Microplastics and Nanoplastics: Source, Behavior, Remediation, and Multi-Level Environmental Impact. Journal of Environmental Management, 356, Article 120618.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.120618
[23]  Rathore, C., Saha, M., Gupta, P., Kumar, M., Naik, A. and de Boer, J. (2023) Standardization of Micro-FTIR Methods and Applicability for the Detection and Identification of Microplastics in Environmental Matrices. Science of The Total Environment, 888, Article 164157.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.164157
[24]  Selem, B. Alkarbi, A., Alhosani, A., Ahmad, F., Elemam, M., Iftikhar, S.H., Mourad, A.H. and Thiemann, T. (2023) Plastic to Microplastic in the United Arab Emirates—Plastic Bottle Caps in a Hot, Arid Environment. Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Environmental Science and Technology, Athens, 30 August to 2 September 2023, 00485.
https://cms.gnest.org/sites/default/files/Proceedings/cest2023_00485/cest2023_00485.pdf
[25]  Chen, X., Xu, M., Yuan, L.-M., Huang, G., Chen, X. and Shi, W. (2021) Degradation Degree Analysis of Environmental Microplastics by Micro-FT-IR Imaging Technology. Chemosphere, 274, Article 129779.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.129779
[26]  Moldovan, A., Patachia, S., Buican, R. and Tierean, M.H. (2012) Characterization of Polyolefins Wastes by FTIR Spectroscopy. Bulletin of the Transilvania University of Brasov, Series I: Engineering Sciences, 5, 65-72.
[27]  Yildirim, F.F., Hicyilmaz, A.S. and Yildirim, K. (2022) The Effects of the Weathering Methods on the Properties of the ABS, ASA and PMMA Polymers. Polymer Testing, 107, Article 107484.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymertesting.2022.107484
[28]  Henshaw, J.M., Wood, V. and Hall, A.C. (1999) Failure of Automobile Seat Belts Caused by Polymer Degradation. Engineering Failure Analysis, 61, 13-25.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S1350-6307(98)00026-0
[29]  Habib, R.Z., Al Kendi, R., Ghebremedhin, F., Elkashlan, M., Iftikhar, S.H., Poulose, V., Ramachandran, T., Mourad, A.-H.I., Hamed, F. and Thiemann, T. (2022) Tire and Rubber Particles in the Environment—A Case Study from a Hot Arid Region. Frontiers in Environmental Science—Toxicology, Pollution and the Environment, 10, Article 1009802.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2022.1009802
[30]  Habib, R.Z., Ramachandran, T., Hamed, F., Al Kindi, R., Mourad, A.I. and Thiemann, T. (2022) Microplastic in an Arid Region: Identification, Quantification and Characterization on and Along-Side Roads in Al Ain, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. Journal of Environmental Protection, 13, 671-688.
https://doi.org/10.4236/jep.2022.1310043
[31]  Saron, C., Zulli, F., Giordano, M. and Felisberti, M.I. (2016) Influence of Copper-Phthalocyanine on the Photodegradation of Polycarbonate. Polymer Degradation and Stability, 91, 3301-3311.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2006.06.004
[32]  Allen, N.S., Vasiliou, C., Marshall, G.P. and Chen, W. (1989) Light Stabiliser, Antioxidant and Pigment Interactions in the Thermal and Photochemical Oxidation of Polyethylene Films. Polymer Degradation and Stability, 24, 17-31.
https://doi.org/10.1016/0141-3910(89)90130-4
[33]  Pfaendner, R. (2013) (Photo)oxidative Degradation and Stabilization of Flame Retarded Polymers. Polymer Degradation and Stability, 98, 2430-2435.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2013.07.005
[34]  Krimm, S., Liang, C.Y. and Sutherland, G.B.B.M. (1956) Infrared Spectra of High Polymers. II. Polyethylene. Journal of Chemical Physics, 25, 549-562.
https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1742963
[35]  Gulmine, J.V., Janissek, P.R., Heise, H.M. and Akcelrud, L. (2002) Polyethylene Characterization by FTIR. Polymer Testing, 21, 557-563.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0142-9418(01)00124-6
[36]  Fang, J., Zhang, L., Sutton, D., Wang, X. and Lin, T. (2012) Needless Melt-Electrospinning of Polypropylene Nanofibers. Journal of Nanomaterials, Article ID: 382639.
https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/382639
[37]  (2024) National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, SDBS.
https://sdbs.db.aist.go.jp/
[38]  Shahid, A.A. and Abdelfattah, M.A. (2008) Chapter 2. Soils of Abu Dhabi Emirate. In: Perry, R.J., Ed., Terrestrial Environment of Abu Dhabi Emirate, Environmental Agency Abu Dhabi, 72-91.
[39]  Salmin, Z., Thiemann, T., Poulose, V., Buraik, M. and de Man, A. (2024) Corrosion of Archaeological Bronzes from Saruq Al-Hadid and Al-Qusais (Dubai, UAE). Scientific Culture, 10, 77-99.
[40]  Warrak, M. (1996) Origin of the Hafit Structure: Implications for Timing the Tertiary Deformation in the Northern Oman Mountains. Journal of Structural Geology, 18, 803–818.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8141(96)80014-9
[41]  Gijsman, P. and Sampers, J. (1997) The Influence of Oxygen Pressure and Temperature on the UV-Degradation Chemistry of Polyethylene. Polymer Degradation and Stability, 58, 55-59.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0141-3910(97)00012-8
[42]  Yao, Z., Seong, H.J. and Jang, Y.S. (2022) Environmental Toxicity and Decomposition of Polyethylene. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 242, Article 113933.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113933
[43]  Wang, Y., Feng, G., Lin, N., Lan, H., Li, Q., Yao, D. and Tang, J. (2023) A Review of Degradation and Life Prediction of Polyethylene. Applied Sciences, 13, Article 3045.
https://doi.org/10.3390/app13053045
[44]  Ahn, Y., Colin, X. and Roma, G. (2021) Atomic Scale Mechanisms Controlling the Oxidation of Polyethylene: A First Principles Study. Polymers, 13, Article 2143.
https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13132143
[45]  Osawa, Z. (1988) Role of Metals and Metal-Deactivators in Polymer Degradation. Polymer Degradation and Stability, 20, 203-236.
https://doi.org/10.1016/0141-3910(88)90070-5
[46]  Hussain, I., Atiqullah, M., Fazal, A., Alam, K. and Hossaen, A. (2010) Effect of Selected Residual Ziegler-Natta and Metallocene Catalysts on the UV-Induced Degradation of Unstabilized Ethylene Homopolymer Films. Polymer Degradation and Stability, 95, 2289-2299.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2010.09.004
[47]  Sagadevan, A., Hwang, K.C. and Su, M.D. (2017) Singlet Oxygen-Mediated Selective C-H Bond Hydroperoxidation of Ethereal Hydrocarbons. Nature Communications, 8, Article 1812.
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-017-01906-5
[48]  Yagoubi, W., Abdelhafidi, A., Sebaa, M. and Chabira, S.F. (2015) Identification of Carbonyl Species of Weathered LDPE Films by Curve Fitting and Derivative Analysis of IR Spectra. Polymer Testing, 44, 37-48.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymertesting.2015.03.008
[49]  2019/904-Directive (EU) 2019/904 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 5 June 2019 on the Reduction of the Impact of Certain Plastic Products on the Environment-M/569-Caps and Lids II.
[50]  Directorate-General for Communication (2024) Less Plastic Waste Means Cleaner Beaches.
https://commission.europa.eu/news/less-plastic-waste-means-cleaner-beaches-2024-08-14_en

Full-Text

Contact Us

service@oalib.com

QQ:3279437679

WhatsApp +8615387084133