This study evaluated the molecular characterization of different ecotypes of B. aegyptiaca populations in the four sites: Koily alpha, Labgar, Ranérou and Ballou according to the environment with the aim of developing protection strategies. We sampled leaves of B. aegyptiaca in each individual from each site to extract and amplify a fragment of mitochondrial DNA including cytochrome b and then carefully preserved. DNA extraction, polymerase chain amplification and sequencing of MT-CYB were performed in 64 individuals. Genetic diversity and structure of B. aegyptiaca were determined using the MEGA, DNasp and Arlequin software. The results showed a high haplotype diversity and low nucleotide diversity, indicating a population expansion linked to an important gene flow. Genetic distances between populations were positively correlated with geographic distance. The importance of having highlighted this genetic differentiation of the B. aegyptiaca species between these sites is to be able to understand the degree of genetic heterogeneity of each and correlate it with adaptability because genetic diversity influences the adaptation of the species.
References
[1]
Sagna, M.B. (2015) Ethnobotany, Ecology, Phenological Monitoring and Physico-chemical and Nutritional Characterization of the Desert Date Tree (Balanites aegyptiaca (L.) Del in the Ferlo of Senegal. Ph.D. Thesis, University Cheikh Anta Dip.
[2]
Moustapha, B.S., Aly, D., Papa, S.S., Ousmane, N., Deborah, G. and Aliou, G. (2014) Biochemical Composition and Nutritional Value of Balanites aegyptiaca (L.) Del Fruit Pulps from Northern Ferlo in Senegal. AfricanJournalofBiotechnology, 13, 336-342. https://doi.org/10.5897/ajb2013.12395
[3]
Chevallier, M.H., Bensaid, S., Diallo, O.B., Sahki, R., Ganaba, S., Sanou, J., Bougue-doura, N., Vaillant, A. and Babin. D. (2003) Biodiversité et multidisciplinarité: Méthodologie pour les zones arides. Bois et Forêts des Tropiques, 276, 33-41.
[4]
Hall, T.A. (1999). BioEdit: A User-Friendly Biological Sequence Alignment Editor and Analysis Program for Windows 95/98/NT. Nucleic Acids Symposium Series, 41, 95-98.
[5]
Ndiaye, O. (2013) Characteristics of the Soils, Flora and Vegetation of Ferlo, Sene-gal. Master’s Thesis, Cheikh Anta Diop University.
[6]
Ndong, J.B. (1996) The Evolution of the Climate of Senegal and the Consequences of the Recent Drought on the Environment. Ph.D. Thesis, Jean Moulin University.
[7]
Faye, N., Diallo, A., Sagna, M.B., Sarr, O., Talla, R., Badji, E.S., et al. (2020) Répartition spatiale de la végétation herbacée autour des mares temporaires: Influence des facteurs anthropiques et topographiques à Widou Thiengoly (Ferlo, Nord-Sénégal). InternationalJournalofBiologicalandChemicalSciences, 14, 2077-2093. https://doi.org/10.4314/ijbcs.v14i6.12
[8]
Michel, P. (1969) The Basins of the Senegal and Gambia Rivers. Geomorphological Study. Master’s Thesis, University of Strasbourg.
[9]
Diallo, A., Faye, M., Ndiaye, O. and Guisse, A. (2011) Variations de la composition de la végétation herbacée des plantations de Acacia senegal (L.) Willd de la zone de Dahra (Ferlo). InternationalJournalofBiologicalandChemicalSciences, 5, 1250-1264. https://doi.org/10.4314/ijbcs.v5i3.72273
[10]
Akpo, L. and Grouzis, M. (1996) Influence du couvert sur la régénération de quelques espèces ligneuses sahéliennes (Nord Sénégal, Afrique occidentale). Webbia, 50, 247-263. https://doi.org/10.1080/00837792.1996.10670605
[11]
Niang, K., Ndiaye, O., Diallo, A. and Guisse, A. (2014) Flore et structure de la végétation ligneuse le long de la Grande Muraille Verte au Ferlo, nord Sénégal. JournalofAppliedBiosciences, 79, 6938-6946. https://doi.org/10.4314/jab.v79i1.15
[12]
Miehe, S. (1990) Inventory and Monitoring of Vegetation in Pastoral Plots in Windou Thiengoly. Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ), 108 p.
[13]
Rozas, J., Librado, P., Sánchez-Del Barrio, J.C., Messeguer, X. and Rozas R. (2012) DnaSP Version 5.10.1: An Integrated Program for Molecular Population Genetics and Molecular Evolution Analysis. Bioinf.
[14]
Excoffier, L. and Lischer, H.E.L. (2010) Arlequin Suite Ver 3.5: A New Series of Programs to Perform Population Genetics Analyses under Linux and Windows. MolecularEcologyResources, 10, 564-567. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-0998.2010.02847.x
[15]
Kumar, S., Stecher, G. and Tamura, K. (2016) MEGA7: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis Version 7.0 for Bigger Datasets. MolecularBiologyandEvolution, 33, 1870-1874. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msw054
[16]
Huelsenbeck, J.P. and Rannala, B. (1997) Phylogenetic Methods Come of Age: Testing Hypotheses in an Evolutionary Context. Science, 276, 227-232. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.276.5310.227
[17]
Sinama, F., Lucas, F., Garde, F., Stitou, D. and Mauran, S. (2009) Modeling and Experimental Validation of an Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion System in Reunion Island. 6th Western Indian Ocean Marine Science Association Scientific Symposium, Saint Denis, August 2009, Reunion Island.
[18]
Tong, H., Deng, H. and Han, Z. (2023) Genetic Differentiation and Genetic Structure of Mixed-Ploidy Camellia hainanica Populations. PeerJ, 11, e14756 https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.14756
[19]
Excoffier, L., Laval, G. and Schneider, S. (2005) Arlequin (version 3.0): An Integrated Software Package for Population Genetics Data Analysis. EvolutionaryBioinformatics, 1, 47-50. https://doi.org/10.1177/117693430500100003
[20]
Mint Abdelaziz, S., Medraoui, L., Alami, M., Pakhrou, O., Makkaoui, M., Ould Mohamed Salem Boukhary, A., et al. (2020) Inter Simple Sequence Repeat Markers to Assess Genetic Diversity of the Desert Date (Balanites aegyptiaca Del.) for Sahelian Ecosystem Restoration. ScientificReports, 10, Article No. 14948. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-71835-9
[21]
Simão, R., de Salles, B.F., Figueiredo, T., Dias, I. and Willardson, J.M. (2012) Exercise Order in Resistance Training. SportsMedicine, 42, 251-265. https://doi.org/10.2165/11597240-000000000-00000
[22]
Kébé, A., Ndiaye, I. and Dia, M. (2020) Effects of Soil Texture on the Distribution of Balanites aegyptiaca in the Sahelian Areas of Senegal. JournalofAridEnvironments, 180, Article ID: 104197.
[23]
Benoît, M. (1988) The Edge of the Kooya: Pastoral Space and Landscapes in the North of Senegal (Ferlo). Geographical Space, 17, 95-108.
[24]
Hamrick, J.L., Godt, M.J.W. and Sherman-Broyles, S.L. (1992) Factors Influencing Levels of Genetic Diversity in Woody Plant Species. NewForests, 6, 95-124. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00120641
