Quantum entanglement is a bizarre, counterintuitive phenomenon which shows that entangled subatomic particles remain related even when they are far apart, which was described by Einstein as “spooky action at a distance”. Although this phenomenon could be interpreted by a few theories, for example, the famous Copenhagen interpretation which describes that these states exist simultaneously by a wave function, however, there is still no unquestioned theory and it continues to puzzle people around the world. Here we propose a hypothesis that gravity cuts out stop functioning between subatomic particles based on the observations of a thought experiment. It is well known that the Universe is filled with various subatomic particles (e.g. cosmic neutrino background, CνB) and gravity is a universal force making any particle in the Universe attract any other. Based on these observations, it is expected that the CνB particles walking abreast will be combined together by their gravity after some time/distance, which will thus result in a greatly uneven distribution of CνB. However, the observational evidence showed that CνB is highly isotropic and homogenous, suggesting that gravity would no longer work at the subatomic scale. Thus, the relation of the paired subatomic particles would become some pure correlation of mass (or equivalent energy) status. In this case, time would be not required anymore due to the ineffectiveness of gravity. The proposed new interpretation matches the experimental observations well and finally possible thought experiments are presented to test this theory.
References
[1]
Kumar, M. (2008) Quantum: Einstein, Bohr and the Great Debate about the Nature of Reality. Icon Books.
[2]
Vedral, V. (2010) Quantum Physics: Hot Entanglement. Nature, 468, 769-770. https://doi.org/10.1038/468769a
[3]
Einstein, A., Podolsky, B. and Rosen, N. (1935) Can Quantum-Mechanical Description of Physical Reality Be Considered Complete? Physical Review, 47, 777-780. https://doi.org/10.1103/physrev.47.777
[4]
Bell, J.S. (1964) On the Einstein Podolsky Rosen Paradox. Physics Physique Fizika, 1, 195-200. https://doi.org/10.1103/physicsphysiquefizika.1.195
[5]
Salart, D., Baas, A., Branciard, C., Gisin, N. and Zbinden, H. (2008) Testing the Speed of ‘Spooky Action at a Distance’. Nature, 454, 861-864. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature07121
[6]
Giustina, M., Versteegh, M.A.M., Wengerowsky, S., Handsteiner, J., Hochrainer, A., Phelan, K., et al. (2015) Significant-Loophole-Free Test of Bell’s Theorem with Entangled Photons. Physical Review Letters, 115, Article ID: 250401. https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.115.250401
[7]
Shalm, L.K., Meyer-Scott, E., Christensen, B.G., Bierhorst, P., Wayne, M.A., Stevens, M.J., et al. (2015) Strong Loophole-Free Test of Local Realism. Physical Review Letters, 115, Article ID: 250402. https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.115.250402
[8]
Ringwald, A. (2009) Prospects for the Direct Detection of the Cosmic Neutrino Background. Nuclear Physics A, 827, 501c-506c. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2009.05.109
[9]
Anderson, E.K., Baker, C.J., Bertsche, W., Bhatt, N.M., Bonomi, G., Capra, A., et al. (2023) Observation of the Effect of Gravity on the Motion of Antimatter. Nature, 621, 716-722. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-023-06527-1
[10]
Westphal, T., Hepach, H., Pfaff, J. and Aspelmeyer, M. (2021) Measurement of Gravitational Coupling between Millimetre-Sized Masses. Nature, 591, 225-228. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-03250-7
[11]
Cui, Q. (2022) Possible Relations of Cosmic Microwave Background with Gravity and Fine-Structure Constant. Journal of Modern Physics, 13, 1045-1052. https://doi.org/10.4236/jmp.2022.137058
[12]
Cui, Q. (2025) The Gravitational Constant g May Decrease between Millimetre-Sized Masses. Journal of Modern Physics, 16, 133-139. https://doi.org/10.4236/jmp.2025.161005
[13]
Yin, J., Li, Y., Liao, S., Yang, M., Cao, Y., Zhang, L., et al. (2020) Entanglement-Based Secure Quantum Cryptography over 1,120 Kilometres. Nature, 582, 501-505. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2401-y
[14]
Li, B., Cao, Y., Li, Y., Cai, W., Liu, W., Ren, J., et al. (2022) Quantum State Transfer over 1200 km Assisted by Prior Distributed Entanglement. Physical Review Letters, 128, Article ID: 170501. https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.128.170501
[15]
Riordon, J.R. and Temming, M. (2022) Experiments on ‘Entangled’ Quantum Particles Won the Physics Nobel Prize. https://www.snexplores.org/article/physics-nobel-prize-2022-quantum-entanglement-particles-tech
