责任保险第三人请求权路径探析
Analysis of the Third-Party Claim Path in Liability Insurance

2009年修订《保险法》时对责任保险做出较大调整，学者们对于在立法领域以及法学理论上是否赋予责任保险第三人请求权存在不同的观点。我国《民法典》规定了“代位权”“债权转让”“利他合同”等民事法律制度，但在法学理论中，责任保险第三人(被保险人所致损害的人)由于合同相对性的限制等往往会遇到各种困难导致其难以直接向保险人主张给付保险金等问题。这一方面削弱了强制责任保险的社会保障性功能，另一方面在法律层面赋予第三人直接请求权似乎有违背保险人的私主体地位以及债的相对性原则的嫌疑。因此本文旨在从保险法、民法典合同编等文件中为第三人行使请求权提供适用依据。
Significant adjustments were made to liability insurance during the 2009 revision of the Insurance Law, and scholars have different opinions on whether to grant the right of claim to third parties in the legislative field and legal theory. China’s Civil Code stipulates civil legal systems such as “subrogation”, “assignment of claims”, and “third-party contracts”, but in legal theory, third parties in liability insurance (persons harmed by the insured) often encounter various difficulties due to the limitation of contract relativity, making it difficult for them to directly claim insurance payments from the insurer. This not only weakens the social security function of compulsory liability insurance but also seems to violate the insurer’s private entity status and the principle of relativity of debt at the legal level. Therefore, this article aims to provide a basis for the third party’s exercise of the right of claim from documents such as the Insurance Law and the Contract Law of the Civil Code.