Upper gastrointestinal bleeding (UGIB) refers to the bleeding caused by the digestive tract above the flexor ligament, including esophageal, gastric, duodenal, pancreatic and biliary diseases, and lesions after gastrojejunostomy. UGIB is one of the common diseases in the clinical work of gastroenterology. There are many causes that can lead to upper gastrointestinal bleeding, which are mainly divided into two categories: one is non-variceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding (NVUGIB), and the other is variceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding (VUGIB). This article reviews various causes of UGIB and the latest progress in treatment, aiming to improve the efficiency of diagnosis and treatment in future clinical work, and reduce the risk of rebleeding and mortality.
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