This study investigates the effects of the partial replacement of cement (C) and sand (P) with rubber on the durability and mechanical properties of concrete under acidic environments. Results demonstrate that replacing sand with rubber in small percentages P (3%) improves acid resistance by approximately 2% due to rubber’s chemical inertness, while excessive replacement (for example, P (9%)) weakens compressive strength. Conversely, partial replacement of cement with rubber (for example, C (10%)) significantly reduces durability due to a decline in hydration products critical for strength. Among the tested batches, OP14 achieved the highest composite score of 0.848, balancing compressive and flexural strengths, low water absorption, and excellent durability. OP7 (composite score: 0.746) excelled in workability and strength, with moderate water absorption and durability, while OP13 (composite score: 0.691) offered exceptional durability but higher water absorption. The findings underline the potential of rubber-modified concrete for sustainable construction, recommending optimal proportions to achieve specific performance goals.
References
[1]
Aslam, M.S., Huang, B. and Cui, L. (2020) Review of Construction and Demolition Waste Management in China and USA. Journal of Environmental Management, 264, Article ID: 110445. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.110445
[2]
Huang, B., Wang, X., Kua, H., Geng, Y., Bleischwitz, R. and Ren, J. (2018) Construction and Demolition Waste Management in China through the 3R Principle. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 129, 36-44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2017.09.029
[3]
Serifou, M.A., Gboga, O.J.B.N., Kouassi, B.R.U. and Emeruwa, E. (2024) Study of the Evolution of Properties of Concrete Containing Used Tire Aggregates. Geomaterials, 14, 49-58. https://doi.org/10.4236/gm.2024.144004
[4]
Nejad, A.Y. and Jahangiri, A. (2023) Investigation of the Effect of Powdered Rubber Reinforced by Different Materials on the Performance of Concrete. Construction and Building Materials, 377, Article 131067. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2023.131067
[5]
Ince, C., Shehata, B.M.H., Derogar, S. and Ball, R.J. (2022) Towards the Development of Sustainable Concrete Incorporating Waste Tyre Rubbers: A Long-Term Study of Physical, Mechanical & Durability Properties and Environmental Impact. Journal of Cleaner Production, 334, Article ID: 130223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.130223
[6]
Beiram, A.A.H. and Al-Mutairee, H.M.K. (2022) The Effect of Chip Rubber on the Properties of Concrete. Materials Today: Proceedings, 60, 1981-1988. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2022.01.209
[7]
Qaidi, S.M.A., Dinkha, Y.Z., Haido, J.H., Ali, M.H. and Tayeh, B.A. (2021) Engineering Properties of Sustainable Green Concrete Incorporating Eco-Friendly Aggregate of Crumb Rubber: A Review. Journal of Cleaner Production, 324, Article ID: 129251. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.129251
[8]
Shahidan, S., Mangi, S.A., Senin, M.S., Mohd Zuki, S.S. and Abd Rahim, M. (2020) Properties of Concrete Containing Rubber Ash and Rubber Crumb as Partial Replacement of Sand. International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology, 29, 2053-2059.
[9]
Jeevana, P., Kumar, A.A., Nayak, B.N., Jyothirmai, A., Vardhan, M.V. and Reddy, D.R. (2023) Partial Replacement of Coarse Aggregate with Crumb Rubber Chips in the Preparation of Concrete. Journal of Engineering Sciences, 14, 518-528.
[10]
Mohajerani, A., Burnett, L., Smith, J.V., Markovski, S., Rodwell, G., Rahman, M.T., et al. (2020) Recycling Waste Rubber Tyres in Construction Materials and Associated Environmental Considerations: A Review. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 155, Article ID: 104679. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2020.104679
[11]
Hejna, A., Korol, J., Przybysz-Romatowska, M., Zedler, Ł., Chmielnicki, B. and Formela, K. (2020) Waste Tire Rubber as Low-Cost and Environmentally-Friendly Modifier in Thermoset Polymers—A Review. Waste Management, 108, 106-118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2020.04.032
[12]
Mistry, M.K., Shukla, S.J. and Solanki, C.H. (2021) Reuse of Waste Tyre Products as a Soil Reinforcing Material: A Critical Review. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28, 24940-24971. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-13522-4
[13]
Xiao, Z., Pramanik, A., Basak, A.K., Prakash, C. and Shankar, S. (2022) Material Recovery and Recycling of Waste Tyres—A Review. Cleaner Materials, 5, Article ID: 100115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clema.2022.100115
[14]
Karunarathna, S., Linforth, S., Kashani, A., Liu, X. and Ngo, T. (2021) Effect of Recycled Rubber Aggregate Size on Fracture and Other Mechanical Properties of Structural Concrete. Journal of Cleaner Production, 314, Article ID: 128230. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.128230
[15]
Tamanna, K., Tiznobaik, M., Banthia, N. and Alam, M. S. (2020) Mechanical Properties of Rubberized Concrete Containing Recycled Concrete Aggregate. ACI Mate-rials Journal, 117, 169-180.
[16]
Aghamohammadi, O., Mostofinejad, D., Mostafaei, H. and Abtahi, S.M. (2024) Mechanical Properties and Impact Resistance of Concrete Pavement Containing Crumb Rubber. International Journal of Geomechanics, 24, Article ID: 04023242. https://doi.org/10.1061/ijgnai.gmeng-7620
[17]
Youssf, O., ElGawady, M.A., Mills, J.E. and Ma, X. (2017) Analytical Modeling of the Main Characteristics of Crumb Rubber Concrete. ACI Special Publication, 314, 1-18.
[18]
Su, H., Yang, J., Ghataora, G.S. and Dirar, S. (2015) Surface Modified Used Rubber Tyre Aggregates: Effect on Recycled Concrete Performance. Magazine of Concrete Research, 67, 680-691. https://doi.org/10.1680/macr.14.00255
[19]
Najim, K.B. and Hall, M.R. (2013) Crumb Rubber Aggregate Coatings/Pre-Treatments and Their Effects on Interfacial Bonding, Air Entrapment and Fracture Toughness in Self-Compacting Rubberised Concrete (SCRC). Materials and Structures, 46, 2029-2043. https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-013-0034-4
[20]
Haryanto, Y., Hermanto, N.I.S., Pamudji, G. and Wardana, K.P. (2017) Compressive Strength and Modulus of Elasticity of Concrete with Cubed Waste Tire Rubbers as Coarse Aggregates. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 267, Article ID: 012016. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/267/1/012016
[21]
Vadivel, T.S., Thenmozhi, R. and Doddurani, M. (2012) Experimental Study on Waste Tyre Rubber Reinforced Concrete. Journal of Structural Engineering, 39, 291-299.
[22]
Alwi Assaggaf, R., Uthman Al-Dulaijan, S., Maslehuddin, M., Baghabra Al-Amoudi, O.S., Ahmad, S. and Ibrahim, M. (2022) Effect of Different Treatments of Crumb Rubber on the Durability Characteristics of Rubberized Concrete. Construction and Building Materials, 318, Article ID: 126030. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.126030
[23]
Liu, L., Cai, G., Zhang, J., Liu, X. and Liu, K. (2020) Evaluation of Engineering Properties and Environmental Effect of Recycled Waste Tire-Sand/Soil in Geotechnical Engineering: A Compressive Review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 126, Article ID: 109831. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2020.109831
[24]
Al-Tayeb, M.M., Bakar, B.H.A., Ismail, H. and Akil, H.M. (2012) Impact Resistance of Concrete with Partial Replacements of Sand and Cement by Waste Rubber. Polymer-Plastics Technology and Engineering, 51, 1230-1236. https://doi.org/10.1080/03602559.2012.696767
[25]
McLaurin, D., Aston, A. and Brand, J. (2021) Prevention of Offshore Wind Power Cable Incidents by Employing Offshore Oil/Gas Common Practices. ASME 2021 3rd International Offshore Wind Technical Conference, 16-17 February 2021. https://doi.org/10.1115/iowtc2021-3524
[26]
Guyer, J.P. and Pe, R. (2019) An Introduction to Pavement Engineering, Volume 2. Guyer Partners.
