全部 标题 作者
关键词 摘要

OALib Journal期刊
ISSN: 2333-9721
费用:99美元

查看量下载量

相关文章

更多...

The Joint Impact of Industrialization and Foreign Direct Investment on Economic Growth: Evidence from Asian Countries

DOI: 10.4236/ajibm.2025.151010, PP. 175-223

Keywords: Industrialization, Foreign Direct Investment, Economic Growth, Asian Countries

Full-Text   Cite this paper   Add to My Lib

Abstract:

This study investigates the joint impact of industrialization and foreign direct investment (FDI) on the economic growth of Asian countries, using panel data from 1995 to 2021 (27 years) covering 45 Asian countries. In this study, panel unit root tests, descriptive statistics, multicollinearity, and other per-estimation and post-estimations have been carried out. Indeed, the main finding of this study is mainly on fixed effect regression with robust option. To overcome the issue of endogenity which may not be handled by POLS, RE and FE, this study used the two-system GMM. Furthermore, the study robustness checks were also employed to strength the main finding of the study. The findings of this study contribute to the growing literature on FDI and provide more compressive conclusions and recommendations on the joint impact of industrialization and FDI on economic growth, particularly in the context of Asian countries.

References

[1]  Abdulsalam, A., Xu, H., Ameer, W., Abdo, A., & Xia, J. (2021). Exploration of the Impact of China’s Outward Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) on Economic Growth in Asia and North Africa along the Belt and Road (B&R) Initiative. Sustainability, 13, Article 1623.
https://doi.org/10.3390/su13041623
[2]  Adams, S. (2009). Foreign Direct Investment, Domestic Investment, and Economic Growth in Sub-Saharan Africa. Journal of Policy Modeling, 31, 939-949.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpolmod.2009.03.003
[3]  Agrawal, G. (2015). Foreign Direct Investment and Economic Growth in BRICS Economies: A Panel Data Analysis. Journal of Economics, Business and Management, 3, 421-424.
https://doi.org/10.7763/joebm.2015.v3.221
[4]  Alfaro, L., Chanda, A., Kalemli-Ozcan, S., & Sayek, S. (2004). FDI and Economic Growth: The Role of Local Financial Markets. Journal of International Economics, 64, 89-112.
https://doi.org/10.1016/s0022-1996(03)00081-3
[5]  Aluko, O. A., & Obalade, A. A. (2020). Import-economic Growth Nexus in Selected African Countries: An Application of the Toda-Yamamoto Granger Non-Causality Test. Zagreb International Review of Economics and Business, 23, 117-128.
https://doi.org/10.2478/zireb-2020-0016
[6]  Alzaidy, G., Naseem, M., Niaz, B., & Lacheheb, Z. (2017). The Impact of Foreign-Direct Investment on Economic Growth in Malaysia: The Role of Financial Development. International Journal of Economics and Financial, 7, 382-388.
[7]  Amsden, A. H. (2001). The Rise of The Rest: Challenges to the West from Late-Industrializing Economies. Oxford University Press.
[8]  Andinuur, J. (2013). Inflation, Foreign Direct Investment, and Economic Growth in Ghana. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Ghana.
http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh
[9]  Angahar, J. S., & Kida, M. I. (2020). Industrialization and Economic Growth in Nigeria. Lafia Journal of Economics and Management Sciences, 1, 11 p.
https://www.lajems.com/index.php/lajems/article/view/68
[10]  Antwi, S., & Zhao, X. (2013). Impact of Foreign Direct Investment and Economic Growth in Ghana: A Cointegration Analysis. International Journal of Business and Social Re-search, 3, 64-74.
[11]  Asiedu, E. (2002). On the Determinants of Foreign Direct Investment to Developing Countries: Is Africa Different? World Development, 30, 107-119.
https://doi.org/10.1016/s0305-750x(01)00100-0
[12]  Attiah, E. (2019). The Role of Manufacturing and Service Sectors in Economic Growth: An Empirical Study of Developing Countries. European Research Studies Journal, XXII, 112-127.
https://doi.org/10.35808/ersj/1411
[13]  Ayenew, B. B. (2022). The Effect of Foreign Direct Investment on the Economic Growth of Sub-Saharan African Countries: An Empirical Approach. Cogent Economics & Finance, 10, Article ID: 2038862.
https://doi.org/10.1080/23322039.2022.2038862
[14]  Azman-Saini, W. N. W., Law, S. H., & Ahmad, A. H. (2010). FDI and Economic Growth: New Evidence on the Role of Financial Markets. Economics Letters, 107, 211-213.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2010.01.027
[15]  Bakari, S., Tiba, S., & Fakraoui, N. (2019). Does Domestic Investment Contribute to Economic Growth in Uruguay? What Did the Empirical Facts Say? Journal of Smart Economic Growth, 4, 53-69.
[16]  Baliamoune-Lutz, M. (2004). Does FDI Contribute to Economic Growth? Business Eco-nomics (pp. 49-56). CWL Publishing Enterprises, Inc.
[17]  Baltagi, B. H. (2008). Econometric Analysis of Panel Data (4th ed.). John Wiley & Sons.
[18]  Banque de France (2023). Economy and International Financing.
[19]  Bhagwati, J. N., & Srinivasan, T. N. (1975). Foreign Trade Regimes and Economic Development: India. National Bureau of Economic Research.
[20]  Blomstrom, M., Lipsey, R., & Zejan, M. (1994). What Explains Developing Country Growth? (NBER Working Paper No. 4132).
http://www.nber.org/papers/w4132
[21]  Bokosi, F. K. (2022). The Effects of Industrialisation on Economic Growth: Panel Data Evidence for SADC Countries. African Journal of Economic Review, 10, 89-109.
[22]  Bolaky, B. (2011). The Role of Industrialisation in Economic Development: Theory and Evidence (p. 52). UNCTAD.
[23]  Brewer, T. L. (1993). Government Policies, Market Imperfections, and Foreign Direct in-Vestment. Journal of International Business Studies, 24, 101-120.
[24]  Cantore, N., Clara, M., Lavopa, A., & Soare, C. (2017). Manufacturing as an Engine of Growth: Which Is the Best Fuel? Structural Change and Economic Dynamics, 42, 56-66.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.strueco.2017.04.004
[25]  Carkovic, M., & Levine, R. E. (2002). Does Foreign Direct Investment Accelerate Economic Growth? SSRN Electronic Journal.
[26]  Chang, H., & Zach, K. (2019). Industrialization and Development. In D. Nayyar (Ed.), Asian Transformations: An Inquiry into the Development of Nations (pp. 186-215). Oxford University Press.
https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198844938.003.0008
[27]  Crespo, N., & Fontoura, M. P. (2007). Determinant Factors of FDI Spillovers—What Do We Really Know? World Development, 35, 410-425.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2006.04.001
[28]  Duarte, L. D. R. V., Kedong, Y., & Xuemei, L. (2017). The Relationship between FDI, Economic Growth and Financial Development in Cabo Verde. International Journal of Economics and Finance, 9, 132-142.
https://doi.org/10.5539/ijef.v9n5p132
[29]  Egüez, M. E. A. (2014). Manufacturing the Only Engine of Growth? An Extension of Kaldors First Law. Master’s Thesis, University of Vienna.
[30]  George, E., & Ijeoma, O. (2023). Empirical Assessment of the Nexus between Industrialization and Economic Growth of Nations: The African Perspective. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD), 7, 226-234.
[31]  Gerschenkron, A. (1962). Economic Backwardness in Historical Perspective: A Book of Essays. Harvard University Press.
[32]  Greene, W. (2012). Econometric Analysis (7th Ed.). Prentice Hall.
[33]  Gyang, E. J., Anzaku, P. E., & Iyakwari, A. D. (2018). An Analysis of the Relationship between Unemployment, Inflation, and Economic Growth in Nigeria: 1986-2015. Bingham Journal of Economics and Allied Studies, 11, 1-11.
[34]  Hagan, J. E., & Amoah, P. A. (2020). The Role of Physical Activity in the Management of Mental Health Disorders: Insights from Ghana. Journal of Physical Activity and Health, 17, 650-658.
[35]  Hakimi, A., & Hamdi, H. (2017). Does Corruption Limit FDI and Economic Growth? Evidence from MENA Countries. International Journal of Emerging Markets, 12, 550-571.
https://doi.org/10.1108/ijoem-06-2015-0118
[36]  Halliru, A. M., Loganathan, N., Golam Hassan, A. A., Mardani, A., & Kamyab, H. (2020). Re-Examining the Environmental Kuznets Curve Hypothesis in the Economic Community of West African States: A Panel Quantile Regression Approach. Journal of Cleaner Production, 276, Article ID: 124247.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.124247
[37]  Haraguchi, N., Cheng, C. F. C., & Smeets, E. (2017). The Importance of Manufacturing in Economic Development: Has This Changed? World Development, 93, 293-315.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2016.12.013
[38]  Helpman, E. (1984). A Simple Theory of International Trade with Multinational Corporations. Journal of Political Economy, 92, 451-471.
https://doi.org/10.1086/261236
[39]  Henderson, V. (2002). Urbanization in Developing Countries. The World Bank Research Observer, 17, 89-112.
https://doi.org/10.1093/wbro/17.1.89
[40]  Herman, E. (2016). The Importance of the Manufacturing Sector in the Romanian Economy. Procedia Technology, 22, 976-983.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.protcy.2016.01.121
[41]  Herzer, D. (2010). How Does Foreign Direct Investment Really Affect Developing Countries Growth? IAI Discussion Papers.
[42]  Hobbs, S., Paparas, D., & E. AboElsoud, M. (2021). Does Foreign Direct Investment and Trade Promote Economic Growth? Evidence from Albania. Economies, 9, Article 1.
https://doi.org/10.3390/economies9010001
[43]  Hossain, M. S., & Rahman, M. M. (2021). The Post COVID-19 Global Economy: An Econometric Analysis. IOSR Journal of Economics and Finance, 12, 22-43.
[44]  Ibbih, J. M., & Gaiya, B. A. (2013). A Cross-Sectional Analysis of Industrialization and Growth in Africa. International Research Journal of Arts and Social Sciences, 2, 150-162.
[45]  Javid, W. (2016). Impact of Foreign Direct Investment on Economic Growth of Paki-stan-An ARDL-ECM Approach. Master’s Thesis, Sodertorn University.
[46]  Jeon, E. H., & Kaya, T. (2006). 5. Effects of L2 Instruction on Interlanguage Pragmatic Development. In N. John, & L. Ortega (Eds.), Language Learning & Language Teaching (pp. 165-211). John Benjamins Publishing Company.
https://doi.org/10.1075/lllt.13.10jeo
[47]  Jugurnath, B., Chuckun, N., & Fauzel, S. (2016). Foreign Direct Investment & Economic Growth in Sub-Saharan Africa: An Empirical Study. Theoretical Economics Letters, 6, 798-807.
https://doi.org/10.4236/tel.2016.64084
[48]  Kaldor, N. (1966). Causes of the Slow Rate of Economic Growth of the United Kingdom. Cambridge University Press.
[49]  Kapoor, M. (2015). The Impact of Market Regulations and Infrastructure on the Performance of Indias Manufacturing Sector. Ph.D. Thesis, Azim Premji University.
[50]  Khan, M. W. A., Panigrahi, S. K., Almuniri, K. S. N., Soomro, M. I., Mirjat, N. H., & Alqaydi, E. S. (2019). Investigating the Dynamic Impact of CO2 Emissions and Economic Growth on Renewable Energy Production: Evidence from FMOLS and DOLS Tests. Processes, 7, Article 496.
https://doi.org/10.3390/pr7080496
[51]  Kniivilä, M. (2007). Industrial Development and Economic Growth: Implications for Poverty Reduction and Income Inequality. Industrial Development for the 21st Century: Sustainable Development Perspectives, 1, 295-333.
[52]  Kohpaiboon, A. (2003). Foreign Trade Regimes and the FDI-Growth Nexus: A Case Study of Thailand. The Journal of Development Studies, 40, 55-69.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00220380412331293767
[53]  Kong, L., Lyu, Q., Yao, H., Yang, L., & Chen, S. (2021). The Nexus between Foreign Direct Investment, Trade Openness, and Economic Growth in Fiji. Asian Development Bank Institute Working Paper Series, No. 1160.
[54]  Koojaroenprasit, S. (2012). The Impact of Foreign Direct Investment on Economic Growth: A Case Study of South Korea. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 3, 8-19.
[55]  Kozul-Wright, R., & Poon, D. (2019). Economic Openness and Development. In D. Nayyar (Ed.), Asian Transformations: An Inquiry into the Development of Nations (pp. 136-159). Oxford University Press.
https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198844938.003.0006
[56]  Lall, S. (2001). Competitiveness, Technology and Skills. Edward Elgar Publishing.
https://doi.org/10.4337/9781781950555
[57]  Libanio, G., & Moro, S. (2006). Manufacturing Industry and Economic Growth in Latin America: A Kaldorian Approach (pp. 1-14). CEDEPLAR, Federal University of Minas.
[58]  Lugina, E. J., Mwakalobo, A. B. S., & Lwesya, F. (2020). Effects of Industrialization on Tanzania’s Economic Growth: A Case of Manufacturing Sector. Future Business Journal, 8, Article No. 62.
[59]  Makiela, K., & Ouattara, B. (2018). Foreign Direct Investment and Economic Growth: Exploring the Transmission Channels. Economic Modelling, 72, 296-305.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2018.02.007
[60]  Makun, K. K. (2016). Imports, Remittances, Direct Foreign Investment, and Economic Growth in the Republic of the Fiji Islands: An Empirical Analysis Using ARDL Approach. Kasetsart Journal of Social Sciences, 37, 204-211.
[61]  Mamgain, V. (1999). Are the Kaldor-Verdoorn Laws Applicable in the Newly Industrializing Countries? Review of Development Economics, 3, 295-309.
https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9361.00069
[62]  Mamingi, N., & Martin, K. (2018). Foreign Direct Investment and Growth in Developing Countries: Evidence from the Countries of the Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States. CEPAL Review, 2018, 79-98.
https://doi.org/10.18356/e270b670-en
[63]  Marconi, N., Reis, C. F. D. B., & Araújo, E. C. D. (2016). Manufacturing and Economic Development: The Actuality of Kaldor’s First and Second Laws. Structural Change and Economic Dynamics, 37, 75-89.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.strueco.2015.12.002
[64]  Mercan, M., & Karakaya, E. (2015). Energy Consumption, Economic Growth and Carbon Emission: Dynamic Panel Cointegration Analysis for Selected OECD Countries. Procedia Economics and Finance, 23, 587-592.
https://doi.org/10.1016/s2212-5671(15)00572-9
[65]  Mijiyawa, A. G. (2016). Does Foreign Direct Investment Promote Exports? Evidence from African Countries. The World Economy, 40, 1934-1957.
https://doi.org/10.1111/twec.12465
[66]  Moyo, C., & Jeke, L. (2019). Manufacturing Sector and Economic Growth: A Panel Study of Selected African Countries. Journal of Business and Economic Review, 4, 114-130.
https://doi.org/10.35609/jber.2019.4.3(1)
[67]  Mun, H. W., Lin, T. K., & Man, Y. K. (2008). FDI and Economic Growth Relationship: An Empirical Study on Malaysia. International Business Research, 1, 11-18.
https://doi.org/10.5539/ibr.v1n2p11
[68]  Muse, A. N., & Mohd, S. (2021). Impact of Foreign Direct Investment on Economic Growth in Ethiopia. Latin American Journal of Trade Policy, 4, 56-77.
https://doi.org/10.5354/0719-9368.2021.61853
[69]  Nagesh, K. (2020). East Asias Paths to Industrialization and Prosperity: Lessons for India and Other Late Comers in South Asia. South and South-West Asia Office.
[70]  Nayyar, D. (2019) Resurgent Asia: Diversity in Development. Oxford University Press.
[71]  Ndiaya, C., & Lv, K. (2018). Role of Industrialization on Economic Growth: The Experience of Senegal (1960-2017). American Journal of Industrial and Business Management, 8, 2072-2085.
https://doi.org/10.4236/ajibm.2018.810137
[72]  Ngepah, N., Saba, C. S., & Mabindisa, N. G. (2021). Human Capital and Economic Growth in South Africa: A Cross-Municipality Panel Data Analysis. South African Journal of Economic and management Sciences, 24, a3577.
https://doi.org/10.4102/sajems.v24i1.3577
[73]  Nguyen, M. T. (2022). Foreign Direct Investment and Economic Growth: The Role of Financial Development. Cogent Business & Management, 9, Article ID: 2127193.
https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2022.2127193
[74]  Nguyen, N. T. K. (2017). The Long Run and Short Run Impacts of Foreign Direct Investment and Export on Economic Growth of Vietnam. Asian Economic and Financial Review, 7, 519-527.
https://doi.org/10.18488/journal.aefr.2017.75.519.527
[75]  O’Sullivan, A., & Sheffrin, S. (2007). Economics: Principles in Action. Prentice Hall.
[76]  Odhiambo, N. M. (2021). Foreign Direct Investment and Economic Growth in Kenya: An Empirical Investigation. International Journal of Public Administration, 45, 620-631.
https://doi.org/10.1080/01900692.2021.1872622
[77]  Olajide, O., Akinlabi, B. H., & Tijani, A. A. (2012). Agriculture Resource and Economic Growth in Nigeria. European Scientific Journal, 8, 103-115.
[78]  Olamade, O., & Oni, O. (2016). Manufacturing and Economic Growth in Africa: A Panel Test of Kaldor’s First Growth Law. Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development, 7, 2222-2855.
[79]  Omri, A., & Kahouli, B. (2014). The Nexus among Foreign Investment, Domestic Capital and Economic Growth: Empirical Evidence from the MENA Region. Research in Economics, 68, 257-263.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rie.2013.11.001
[80]  Onu, J. C. (2012). Impact of Foreign Direct Investment on Economic Growth in Nigeria. Interdisciplinary Journal of Contemporary Research in Business, 4, 64-78.
[81]  Opoku, E. E. O., & Yan, I. K. (2019). Industrialization as Driver of Sustainable Economic Growth in Africa. The Journal of International Trade & Economic Development, 28, 30-56.
https://doi.org/10.1080/09638199.2018.1483416
[82]  Parajuli, R. (2021). Impact of Foreign Direct Investment on Economic Growth in Nepal. Interdisciplinary Journal of Management and Social Sciences, 2, 111-117.
https://doi.org/10.3126/ijmss.v2i2.42607
[83]  Pesaran, M. H. (2004). General Diagnostic Tests for Cross Section Dependence in Panels. SSRN Electronic Journal.
[84]  Popescu, G. (2014). FDI and Economic Growth in Central and Eastern Europe. Sustainability, 6, 8149-8163.
https://doi.org/10.3390/su6118149
[85]  Quazi, R. M. (2007). Investment Climate and Foreign Direct Investment: A Study of Selected Countries in Latin America. Global Journal of Business Research, 1, 1-13.
[86]  Raghutla, C., & Chittedi, K. R. (2020). Financial Development, Energy Consumption, and Economic Growth: Some Recent Evidence for India. Journal of Public Affairs, 20, e2074.
[87]  Ramirez, M. D. (2006). Is Foreign Direct Investment Beneficial for Mexico? An Empirical Analysis, 1960-2001. World Development, 34, 802-817.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2006.01.001
[88]  Richardson, K., & Rana, I. (2018). The Relationship between Foreign Direct Investment and Economic Growth in Emerging Economies. Aletheia, 3, 1-16.
https://doi.org/10.21081/ax0198
[89]  Rodrik, D. (2009). Growth after the Crisis. Harvard Kennedy School.
https://drodrik.scholar.harvard.edu
[90]  Ruranga, C., Ocaya, B., Kaberuka, W., & Ruranga, C. (2014). VAR Analysis of Economic Growth, Domestic Investment, Foreign Direct Investment, Domestic Savings and Trade in Rwanda. Greener Journal of Economics and Accountancy, 3, 30-41.
https://doi.org/10.15580/gjea.2014.2.062614283
[91]  Saqib, N., Masnoon, M., & Rafique, N. (2013). Impact of Foreign Direct Investment on Economic Growth of Pakistan. Advances in Management & Applied Economics, 3, 35-45.
[92]  Sattarov, K. (2012). Determinants of Foreign Direct Investment in Transition Economies: A Case Study of Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan. Master’s Thesis, Umeå University.
[93]  Seth, A., John, M. A., & Dalhatu, A. Y. (2018). The Impact of Unemployment on Economic Growth in Nigeria: An Application of Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) Bound Testing. Sumerianz Journal of Business Management and Marketing, 1, 37-46.
[94]  Shabbir, M. S., Bait Ali Sulaiman, M. A., Hasan Al-Kumaim, N., Mahmood, A., & Abbas, M. (2020). Green Marketing Approaches and Their Impact on Consumer Behavior Towards the Environment—A Study from the UAE. Sustainability, 12, Article 8977.
https://doi.org/10.3390/su12218977
[95]  Sindze, P., Nantharath, P., & Kang, E. (2021). FDI and Economic Growth in the Central African Economic and Monetary Community (CEMAC) Countries: An Analysis of Seven Economic Indicators. International Journal of Financial Research, 12, 1-11.
https://doi.org/10.5430/ijfr.v12n1p1
[96]  Söderbom, M., & Teal, F. (2006). Economic Development in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Review of the Evidence. Journal of African Economies, 15, 1-15.
[97]  Su, D., & Yao, Y. (2016). Manufacturing as the Key Engine Asian Development Bank Institute. Asean Development Bank Institute.
[98]  Su, D., & Yao, Y. (2017). Manufacturing as the Key Engine of Economic Growth for Middle-Income Economies. Journal of the Asia Pacific Economy, 22, 47-70.
https://doi.org/10.1080/13547860.2016.1261481
[99]  Su, Y., Yang, S., Liu, K., Hua, K., & Yao, Q. (2019). Developing a Case-Based Reasoning Model for Safety Accident Pre-Control and Decision Making in the Construction Industry. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16, Article 1511.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16091511
[100]  Szirmai, A., & Verspagen, B. (2015). Manufacturing and Economic Growth in Developing Countries, 1950-2005. Structural Change and Economic Dynamics, 34, 46-59.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.strueco.2015.06.002
[101]  Thanh, T. C. et al. (2015). Studies to Support Basic Design Review of NPP Technologies Proposed for Ninh Thuan 1&2 NPP Projects. KC.05.26/11-15. (In Vietnamese)
[102]  Thirlwall, A. P., & Wells, J. (2003). The Economics of Development: Theory and Evidence (8th ed.). Palgrave Macmillan.
[103]  Timmer, M. P., & Szirmai, A. (2000). Productivity Growth in Asian Manufacturing: The Structural Bonus Hypothesis Examined. Structural Change and Economic Dynamics, 11, 371-392.
https://doi.org/10.1016/s0954-349x(00)00023-0
[104]  Tiwari, A. K., & Mutascu, M. (2011). Economic Growth and FDI in Asia: A Panel-Data Approach. Economic Analysis and Policy, 41, 173-187.
https://doi.org/10.1016/s0313-5926(11)50018-9
[105]  Ullah, S., Ali, K., & Ehsan, M. (2022). Foreign Direct Investment and Economic Growth Nexus in the Presence of Domestic Institutions: A Regional Comparative Analysis. Asia-Pacific Journal of Regional Science, 6, 735-758.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s41685-022-00236-9
[106]  Umeora, C. E. (2013). Effects of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) on Economic Growth in Nigeria. SSRN Electronic Journal.
[107]  United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) (2023a). World In-vestment Report 2023: Investing in Sustainable Energy for All. United Nations.
https://unctad.org/system/files/official-document/wir2023_en.pdf
[108]  United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) (2023b). World Investment Report 2023: Investing in Sustainable Energy for All. United Nations.
https://unctad.org/publication/world-investment-report-2023
[109]  Vos, R. (2019). Agriculture, the Rural Sector, and Development. In D. Nayyar (Ed.), Asian Transformations: An Inquiry into the Development of Nations (pp. 160-185). Oxford University Press.
https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198844938.003.0007
[110]  Wade, R. (1990). Governing the Market: Economic Theory and the Role of Government in East Asian Industrialization. Princeton University Press.
[111]  Wang, Q., Su, M., & Li, R. (2018). Toward to Economic Growth without Emission Growth: The Role of Urbanization and Industrialization in China and India. Journal of Cleaner Production, 205, 499-511.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.09.034
[112]  Williams, K. (2015). Foreign Direct Investment in Latin America and the Caribbean: An Empirical Analysis. Latin American Journal of Economics, 52, 307-341.
https://doi.org/10.7764/laje.52.1.57
[113]  Wong, K., & Yip, C. K. (1999). Education, Economic Growth, and Brain Drain. Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, 23, 699-726.
https://doi.org/10.1016/s0165-1889(98)00040-2
[114]  Zardoub, A., & Abed, R. E. (2019). Short-And Long-Term Effects of Financial Flows on Economic Growth. Journal of Economic Integration, 34, 705-724.
https://doi.org/10.11130/jei.2019.34.4.705
[115]  Zekarias, S. M. (2016). The Impact of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) on Economic Growth in Eastern Africa: Evidence from Panel Data Analysis. Applied Economics and Finance, 3, 145-160.
https://doi.org/10.11114/aef.v3i1.1317
[116]  Zhao, L., & Tang, C. C. (2017). China’s Tourism Industry, Industrial Structure and Economic Growth. Resources Science, 39, 1918-1929.

Full-Text

Contact Us

service@oalib.com

QQ:3279437679

WhatsApp +8615387084133