前科消灭制度立法构建研究
A Study on the Legislative Construction of the System for the Expungement of Criminal Records

随着社会发展的不断加快，现有的犯罪前科制度对犯罪人造成的不利影响日益凸显，这不仅违背了罪刑法定原则与罪责刑相适应原则，也对犯罪人的去标签化和再社会化构成了重大挑战。前科所带来的株连效应也令犯罪人及其亲属面临双重负担。前科消灭制度成为犯罪治理的重要一环。在立法模式上，可以采用刑法典立法模式，将“前科消灭”纳入刑法总则；在基本条件上，需符合范围、程序、形式、效力等诸多要素；在法律后果上，应消除规范性评价并兼顾非规范性评价，封存犯罪记录；在刑法领域外也应进行一系列配套调适，以构建审慎、合理、严谨的前科消灭制度。
With the rapid development of society, the adverse impacts of the existing criminal record system on offenders have become increasingly pronounced. This not only contravenes the principles of legality and proportionality of punishment but also poses significant challenges to the de-labeling and resocialization of offenders. The collateral effects of criminal records further impose dual burdens on offenders and their families. The system for the expungement of criminal records has thus become a critical component of crime governance. From a legislative perspective, adopting a codification model to incorporate “expungement of criminal records” into the General Provisions of the Criminal Code is feasible. The basic conditions for such a system must address multiple elements, including scope, procedure, form, and effectiveness. In terms of legal consequences, normative evaluations should be eliminated, while non-normative evaluations should be considered, along with the sealing of criminal records. Beyond the realm of criminal law, corresponding adjustments and complementary measures should be implemented to establish a prudent, reasonable, and rigorous system for the expungement of criminal records.