This project investigated the creation and implementation of change management strategies within business transformation planning, focusing on how stakeholders navigate resistance to foster resilience in the business environment. Recognizing the challenges faced by business leaders—particularly in small to mid-sized U.S. retail sectors—due to high rates of staff resistance that contribute to a 70% failure rate in strategic change initiatives, this study aims to identify effective training strategies to enhance change management success. Through qualitative inquiry, perspectives of ten retail executives with 1 - 3 years of change management experience were explored via video conference interviews and analyzed through thematic analysis and inductive coding. Results revealed four key themes: the importance of innovative, multi-level training strategies to improve engagement and competence; the necessity of fostering collaboration and feedback from staff to alleviate resistance; the role of effective communication and interpersonal skills in enhancing morale; and the value of leadership development in boosting job satisfaction and competency. The findings suggest that enhancing leadership capabilities in crisis management and communication can lead to more successful change implementations. Implications include the promotion of training and awareness initiatives to better align organizational efforts, reduce employee resistance, and improve overall change management outcomes.
References
[1]
Aggarwal, G. (2021). Seven Major Obstacles to Digital Transformations. Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/sites/forbestechcouncil/2021/02/11/seven-major-obstacles-to-digital-transformations/?sh=1513e71e4e27
[2]
Agius, S. J. (2013). Qualitative Research: Its Value and Applicability. ThePsychiatrist,37, 204-206. https://doi.org/10.1192/pb.bp.113.042770
[3]
Alharahsheh, H. H., & Pius, A. (2020). A Review of Key Paradigms: Positivism vs Interpretivism. Global Academic Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, 2, 39-43.
[4]
Ali, B. J., & Anwar, G. (2021). An Empirical Study of Employees’ Motivation and Its Influence Job Satisfaction. InternationalJournalofEngineering,BusinessandManagement,5, 21-30. https://doi.org/10.22161/ijebm.5.2.3
[5]
Bagga, S., Gera, S., & Haque, S. N. (2023). The Mediating Role of Organizational Culture: Transformational Leadership and Change Management in Virtual Teams. AsiaPacificManagementReview,28, 120-131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmrv.2022.07.003
[6]
Baran, B. E., Shanock, L. R., & Miller, L. R. (2011). Advancing Organizational Support Theory into the Twenty-First Century World of Work. JournalofBusinessandPsychology,27, 123-147. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10869-011-9236-3
[7]
Baron, R. A., & Tang, J. (2011). The Role of Entrepreneurs in Firm-Level Innovation: Joint Effects of Positive Affect, Creativity, and Environmental Dynamism. JournalofBusinessVenturing,26, 49-60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2009.06.002
[8]
Barrett, D., & Twycross, A. (2018). Data Collection in Qualitative Research. EvidenceBasedNursing,21, 63-64. https://doi.org/10.1136/eb-2018-102939
[9]
Benmira, S., & Agboola, M. (2021). Evolution of Leadership Theory. BMJLeader,5, 3-5. https://doi.org/10.1136/leader-2020-000296
[10]
Bhaduri, S. (2023). Agility in Learning Performance: The Key to Drive Innovation and Growth. EI Design. https://www.eidesign.net/agility-in-learning-performance-the-key-to-drive-innovation-and-growth/
[11]
Bodell, L. (2022). Most Change Initiatives Fail—Here’s How to Beat the Odds. Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/sites/lisabodell/2022/03/28/most-change-initiatives-fail---heres-how-to-beat-the-odds/?sh=517b246322ee
[12]
Boons, F., Montalvo, C., Quist, J., & Wagner, M. (2013). Sustainable Innovation, Business Models and Economic Performance: An Overview. JournalofCleanerProduction,45, 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2012.08.013
[13]
Bradley, N. (2021). Why Change Management Is the Most Critical Leadership Skill. Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/sites/forbescommunicationscouncil/2021/11/19/why-change-management-is-the-most-critical-leadership-skill/?sh=448658593f22
[14]
Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using Thematic Analysis in Psychology. QualitativeResearchinPsychology,3, 77-101. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
[15]
Brower, T. (2021). Leading Change: 10 Ways Great Leaders Make Change Happen. Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/sites/tracybrower/2021/01/17/leading-change-10-ways-great-leaders-make-change-happen/?sh=467fb2248645
[16]
Burke, W. W., & Litwin, G. H. (1992). A Causal Model of Organizational Performance and Change. JournalofManagement,18, 523-545. https://doi.org/10.1177/014920639201800306
[17]
Caesens, G., & Stinglhamber, F. (2020). Toward a More Nuanced View on Organizational Support Theory. FrontiersinPsychology,11, Article 476. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00476
[18]
Cartwright, N., & Joyce, K. (2020). Bridging the Gap between Research and Practice: Predicting What Will Work Locally. AmericanEducationalResearchJournal,57, 1045-1082. https://doi.org/10.3102/0002831219866687
[19]
Chambers, E. (2021). Developing Effective Leadership: 7 Leadership Competencies That Take Center Stage. E Learning Industry. https://elearningindustry.com/developing-effective-leadership-leadership-competencies-that-take-center-stage
[20]
Chamorro-Premuzic, T. (2017). Does Diversity Actually Increase Creativity? Harvard Business Review. https://hbr.org/2017/06/does-diversity-actually-increase-creativity
[21]
Chang, L. (2007). The NHS Performance Assessment Framework as a Balanced Scorecard Approach: Limitations and Implications. InternationalJournalofPublicSectorManagement,20, 101-117. https://doi.org/10.1108/09513550710731472
[22]
Coakes, E., & Smith, P. (2007). Developing Communities of Innovation by Identifying Innovation Champions. TheLearningOrganization,14, 74-85. https://doi.org/10.1108/09696470710718366
[23]
Connelly, L. M. (2016). Trustworthiness in Qualitative Research. MEDSURG Nursing Journal,25, 435.
[24]
Cunningham‐Erves, J., Mayo‐Gamble, T., Vaughn, Y., Hawk, J., Helms, M., Barajas, C. et al. (2020). Engagement of Community Stakeholders to Develop a Framework to Guide Research Dissemination to Communities. HealthExpectations,23, 958-968. https://doi.org/10.1111/hex.13076
[25]
Dalakoura, A. (2012). Differentiating Leader and Leadership Development: A Collection Framework for Leadership Development. JournalofManagementDevelopment,29, 432-441. https://doi.org/10.1108/02621711011039204
[26]
De Brun, A., & McAuliffe, E. (2020). Identifying the Context, Mechanisms and Outcomes Underlying Collective Leadership in Teams: Building a Realist Programme Theory. BMCHealthServicesResearch,20, Article No. 261. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-020-05129-1
[27]
Dennison, K. (2023). The Importance of Upskilling and Continuous Learning in2023. Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/sites/karadennison/2023/04/13/the-importance-of-upskilling-and-continuous-learning-in-2023/?sh=70dc4a695909
[28]
Deschamps, J. (2005). Different Leadership Skills for Different Innovation Strategies. Strategy&Leadership,33, 31-38. https://doi.org/10.1108/10878570510616861
[29]
Devine, P. G., & Ash, T. L. (2022). Diversity Training Goals, Limitations, and Promise: A Review of the Multidisciplinary Literature. AnnualReviewofPsychology,73, 403-429. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-060221-122215
[30]
Farahnak, L. R., Ehrhart, M. G., Torres, E. M., & Aarons, G. A. (2019). The Influence of Transformational Leadership and Leader Attitudes on Subordinate Attitudes and Implementation Success. JournalofLeadership&OrganizationalStudies,27, 98-111. https://doi.org/10.1177/1548051818824529
[31]
Ferreira, A. I., Cardoso, C., & Braun, T. (2018). The Mediating Effects of Ego-Resilience in the Relationship between Organizational Support and Resistance to Change. BalticJournalofManagement,13, 104-124. https://doi.org/10.1108/bjm-06-2017-0171
[32]
Finlay, R. (2021). Whyan Entrepreneur’s Ability to Innovate Will Make(orBreak) Future Success. Entrepreneur. https://www.entrepreneur.com/leadership/why-an-entrepreneurs-ability-to-innovate-will-make-or/386644
[33]
Forero, R., Nahidi, S., De Costa, J., Mohsin, M., Fitzgerald, G., Gibson, N. et al. (2018). Application of Four-Dimension Criteria to Assess Rigour of Qualitative Research in Emergency Medicine. BMCHealthServicesResearch,18, Article No. 120. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-018-2915-2
[34]
Gao, A., Zhao, K., & Qu, Q. (2020). Linking Person-Organization Adhocracy Value Congruence to Creativity. JournalofManagerialPsychology,35, 603-615. https://doi.org/10.1108/jmp-08-2019-0448
Gilley, A., Gilley, J. W., & McMillan, H. S. (2009). Organizational Change: Motivation, Communication, and Leadership Effectiveness. PerformanceImprovementQuarterly,21, 75-94. https://doi.org/10.1002/piq.20039
[37]
Godfrey, M. (2019). What Is Research Framework and Why Do We Need One? UXCollective. https://uxdesign.cc/what-is-a-research-framework-and-why-do-we-need-one-b3fac8351d46
[38]
Goldsmith, L. (2021). Using Framework Analysis in Applied Qualitative Research. TheQualitativeReport. https://doi.org/10.46743/2160-3715/2021.5011
[39]
Guillemin, M., & Nicholas, R. (2022). Core Values at Work—Essential Elements of a Healthy Workplace. InternationalJournalofEnvironmentalResearchandPublicHealth,19, Article 12505. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912505
[40]
Guzmán, V. E., Muschard, B., Gerolamo, M., Kohl, H., & Rozenfeld, H. (2020). Characteristics and Skills of Leadership in the Context of Industry 4.0. ProcediaManufacturing,43, 543-550. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.promfg.2020.02.167
[41]
Hamilton, A. B., & Finley, E. P. (2019). Qualitative Methods in Implementation Research: An Introduction. PsychiatryResearch,280, Article ID: 112516. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2019.112516
[42]
He, H., & Harris, L. (2020). The Impact of Covid-19 Pandemic on Corporate Social Responsibility and Marketing Philosophy. JournalofBusinessResearch,116, 176-182. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2020.05.030
[43]
Hennessy, M., Dennehy, R., Doherty, J., & O’Donoghue, K. (2022). Outsourcing Transcription: Extending Ethical Considerations in Qualitative Research. QualitativeHealthResearch,32, 1197-1204. https://doi.org/10.1177/10497323221101709
[44]
Hill, L. A., Tedards, E., & Swan, T. (2021). Drive Innovation with Better Decision-Making. Harvard Business Review. https://hbr.org/2021/11/drive-innovation-with-better-decision-making
[45]
Hollenbeck, G. P., McCall, M. W., & Silzer, R. F. (2006). Leadership Competency Models. TheLeadershipQuarterly,17, 398-413. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2006.04.003
[46]
Hughes, D. J., Lee, A., Tian, A. W., Newman, A., & Legood, A. (2018). Leadership, Creativity, and Innovation: A Critical Review and Practical Recommendations. TheLeadershipQuarterly,29, 549-569. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2018.03.001
[47]
Hussain, S. T., Lei, S., Akram, T., Haider, M. J., Hussain, S. H., & Ali, M. (2018). Kurt Lewin's Change Model: A Critical Review of the Role of Leadership and Employee Involvement in Organizational Change. JournalofInnovation&Knowledge,3, 123-127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jik.2016.07.002
[48]
Jian, G. W. (2007). Unpacking Unintended Consequences in Planned Organizational Change: A Process Model. ManagementCommunicationQuarterly,21, 5-28. https://doi.org/10.1177/0893318907301986
[49]
Jubenville, C. B. (2021). Why Frameworks Are Essentialto Organizational Success—Especially Right Now. Forbes https://www.forbes.com/sites/forbescoachescouncil/2021/11/12/why-frameworks-are-essential-to-organizational-success---especially-right-now/?sh=5b8820f03956
[50]
Kang, N., Zhao, C., Li, J., & Horst, J. A. (2016). A Hierarchical Structure of Key Performance Indicators for Operation Management and Continuous Improvement in Production Systems. InternationalJournalofProductionResearch,54, 6333-6350. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207543.2015.1136082
[51]
Kaplan, R. S., & Norton, D. P. (1992). The Balanced Scorecard—Measures That Drive Performance. Harvard Business Review. https://hbr.org/1992/01/the-balanced-scorecard-measures-that-drive-performance-2
[52]
Kato, I. (2017). Corporate Sustainable Strategies, Corporate Growth Value and Stock Price: An Analysis of Post-M&A Sustainable Growth Strategy Through Balanced Scorecard Framework. GlobalPolicyandGovernance,6, 41-51. https://doi.org/10.14666/2194-7759-6-2-003
[53]
Kogan, V. (2020). Three Tips for Managing Resistanceto Change. Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/sites/forbescoachescouncil/2020/06/15/three-tips-for-managing-resistance-to-change/?sh=6fd2634e642b
[54]
Kumar, S., Sharma, D., Rao, S., Lim, W. M., & Mangla, S. K. (2022). Past, Present, and Future of Sustainable Finance: Insights from Big Data Analytics through Machine Learning of Scholarly Research. AnnalsofOperationsResearch.
[55]
Laberge, L., O’Toole, C., Schneider, J., & Smaje, K. (2020). HowCOVID-19 Has Pushed Companiesoverthe Technology Tipping Point-And Transformed Business Forever. McKinsey & Company. https://www.mckinsey.com/capabilities/strategy-and-corporate-finance/our-insights/how-covid-19-has-pushed-companies-over-the-technology-tipping-point-and-transformed-business-forever
[56]
Lawton, G., & Pratt, M. K. (2021). Change Management. TechTarget. https://www.techtarget.com/searchcio/definition/change-management#:~:text=Change%20management%20is%20a%20systematic,people%20to%20adapt%20to%20change
[57]
Liu, Z., Venkatesh, S., Murphy, S. E., & Riggio, R. E. (2021). Leader Development across the Lifespan: A Dynamic Experiences-Grounded Approach. TheLeadershipQuarterly,32, Article ID: 101382. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2020.101382
[58]
Llopis, G. (2014). 5 Ways Leaders Enable Innovationin Their Teams. Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/sites/glennllopis/2014/04/07/5-ways-leaders-enable-innovation-in-their-teams/?sh=72b401fb8c4c
[59]
Ludeke‐Freund, F. (2019). Sustainable Entrepreneurship, Innovation, and Business Models: Integrative Framework and Propositions for Future Research. BusinessStrategyandtheEnvironment,29, 665-681. https://doi.org/10.1002/bse.2396
[60]
Lundmark, R., Richter, A., & Tafvelin, S. (2022). Consequences of Managers’ Laissez-Faire Leadership during Organizational Restructuring. JournalofChangeManagement,22, 40-58. https://doi.org/10.1080/14697017.2021.1951811
[61]
Mahdi, O. R., & Nassar, I. A. (2021). The Business Model of Sustainable Competitive Advantage through Strategic Leadership Capabilities and Knowledge Management Processes to Overcome COVID-19 Pandemic. Sustainability,13, Article 9891. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13179891
[62]
Marr, B. (2021). Balanced Scorecard:The Evolution. Bernard Marr & Co. https://bernardmarr.com/balanced-scorecard-the-evolution/
[63]
McGinley, S., Wei, W., Zhang, L., & Zheng, Y. (2021). The State of Qualitative Research in Hospitality: A 5-Year Review 2014 to 2019. CornellHospitalityQuarterly,62, 8-20. https://doi.org/10.1177/1938965520940294
[64]
McGrath, R. G., & MacMillan, I. (2000). The Entrepreneurial Mindset Strategiesfor Continuously Creating Opportunityinan Age of Uncertainty. Harvard Business Review. https://www.jstor.org/stable/259188?origin=crossref
[65]
McKinsey & Company (2009). Enduring Ideas:The Three Horizonsof Growth. McKinsey & Company. https://www.mckinsey.com/capabilities/strategy-and-corporate-finance/our-insights/enduring-ideas-the-three-horizons-of-growth
[66]
McKinsey & Company (2018). Unlocking Success in Digital Transformation. McKinsey & Company. https://www.mckinsey.com/capabilities/people-and-organizational-performance/our-insights/unlocking-success-in-digital-transformations
[67]
Mecca, J. T., Gibson, C., Giorgini, V., Medeiros, K. E., Mumford, M. D., & Connelly, S. (2015). Researcher Perspectives on Conflicts of Interest: A Qualitative Analysis of Views from Academia. ScienceandEngineeringEthics,21, 843-855. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11948-014-9580-6
[68]
Mishra, S. (2024). The Essance ofOD:An Exploration on Organization Development &Organizational Development. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/378343904_The_Essence_of_OD_An_Exploration_on_Organization_Development_Organizational_Development
[69]
Moullin, J. C., Dickson, K. S., Stadnick, N. A., Albers, B., Nilsen, P., Broder-Fingert, S. et al. (2020). Ten Recommendations for Using Implementation Frameworks in Research and Practice. ImplementationScienceCommunications,1, Article No. 42. https://doi.org/10.1186/s43058-020-00023-7
[70]
Northouse, P. (2018). Leadership:Theoryand Practice. https://edge.sagepub.com/northouse8e
[71]
Nuttall, A. (2009). Literature Review. NursingStandard,24, 59. https://doi.org/10.7748/ns2009.09.24.1.59.c7263
[72]
Nydam, F. (2020). Fast-Forward Revolution:How Real Time Connected Healthcare Is Becoming Reality. Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/sites/vmware/2020/11/17/fast-forward-revolution-how-real-time-connected-healthcare-is-becoming-reality/?sh=4c6b83587e1d
[73]
Onufrey, K., & Bergek, A. (2021). Transformation in a Mature Industry: The Role of Business and Innovation Strategies. Technovation,105, Article ID: 102190. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.technovation.2020.102190
[74]
Padowski, J. (2019). IRB Protects the Rightsof Human Subjectsin Research. WSU Re-search. https://research.wsu.edu/2019/04/22/irb-protects-the-rights-of-human-subjects-in-research/
[75]
Pappas, C. (2024). Howto Improve Interpersonal Skills inthe Workplace in7 Easy Steps. E Learning Industry. https://elearningindustry.com/how-to-improve-interpersonal-skills-in-the-workplace-easy-steps
[76]
Percy, W. H., Kostere, K., & Kostere, S. (2015). Generic Qualitative Research in Psychology. TheQuantitativeReport,20, 76-85.
Rahul, K. (2024). OrganizationalDevelopment. WallStreetMojo. https://www.wallstreetmojo.com/organizational-development/
[79]
Rehman, N., Mahmood, A., Ibtasam, M., Murtaza, S. A., Iqbal, N., & Molnár, E. (2021). The Psychology of Resistance to Change: The Antidotal Effect of Organizational Justice, Support and Leader-Member Exchange. FrontiersinPsychology,12, Article 678952. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.678952
[80]
Reis, H. (2023). Leadership Competency and Why It Matters. Pep Talk. https://www.peptalk.com/post/leadership-competency
[81]
Renko, M., El Tarabishy, A., Carsrud, A. L., & Brännback, M. (2015). Understanding and Measuring Entrepreneurial Leadership Style. JournalofSmallBusinessManagement,53, 54-74. https://doi.org/10.1111/jsbm.12086
[82]
Ritchie, K. (2021). Using IRB Protocols to Teach Ethical Principles for Research and Everyday Life: A High-Impact Practice. JournaloftheScholarshipofTeachingandLearning,21, 120-130. https://doi.org/10.14434/josotl.v21i1.30554
[83]
Ross-Hellauer, T., Tennant, J. P., Banelytė, V., Gorogh, E., Luzi, D., Kraker, P. et al. (2020). Ten Simple Rules for Innovative Dissemination of Research. PLOSComputationalBiology,16, e1007704. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1007704
[84]
Ruben, B. D. (2019). An Overview of the Leadership Competency Framework. In R. A. Gigliotti, (Ed.), CompetenciesforEffectiveLeadership (pp. 19-28). Emerald Publishing Limited. https://doi.org/10.1108/978-1-78973-255-920191001
[85]
Salman, Z. (2021). 15Reasons Why Globalization Is Important? Curious Desire. https://curiousdesire.com/reasons-why-globalization-is-important/
[86]
Samuel, M. (2022). A New World Needs a New Approachto Change Management. Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/sites/forbescoachescouncil/2022/01/25/a-new-world-needs-a-new-approach-to-change-management/?sh=184e27a81795
[87]
Sanchez, P. (2018). The Secret of Leading Organizational Change Is Empathy. Harvard Business Review. https://hbr.org/2018/12/the-secret-to-leading-organizational-change-is-empathy
[88]
Sanford, S., Schwartz, B., & Khan, Y. (2020). The Role of Tacit Knowledge in Communication and Decision-Making during Emerging Public Health Incidents. InternationalJournalofDisasterRiskReduction,50, Article ID: 101681. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2020.101681
[89]
Shenton, A. K. (2004). Strategies for Ensuring Trustworthiness in Qualitative Research Projects. EducationforInformation,22, 63-75. https://doi.org/10.3233/efi-2004-22201
[90]
Shirey, M. R. (2013). Lewin’s Theory of Planned Change as a Strategic Resource. JONA:TheJournalofNursingAdministration,43, 69-72. https://doi.org/10.1097/nna.0b013e31827f20a9
[91]
Sigroha, A., & Gaurav, (2020). Workplace Diversity: A Critical Review and Research Agenda. DogoRangsangResearchJournal,10, 87-101.
[92]
Singh, N., Benmamoun, M., Meyr, E., & Arikan, R. H. (2021). Verifying Rigor: Analyzing Qualitative Research in International Marketing. InternationalMarketingReview,38, 1289-1307. https://doi.org/10.1108/imr-03-2020-0040
[93]
Stahl, N. A., & King, J. R. (2020). Expanding Approaches for Research: Understanding and Using Trustworthiness in Qualitative Research. JournalofDevelopmentalEducation,44, 26-28. http://www.jstor.org/stable/45381095
[94]
Stein, D., Hobson, N., Jachimoxicz, J. M., & Whillans, A. (2021). How Companies Can Improve Employee Engagement Right Now. Harvard Business Review. https://hbr.org/2021/10/how-companies-can-improve-employee-engagement-right-now
[95]
Stemmler, H. (2022). The Effects ofCOVID-19on Businesses:Keyversus Non-Key Firms. International Labour Organization. https://www.ilo.org/static/english/intserv/working-papers/wp077/index.html#ID0ECC
[96]
Sturt, D., & Rogers, J. (2016). A Global Survey Explains Why Your EmployeesDon’’t Innovate. Harvard Business Review. https://hbr.org/2016/02/why-your-employees-dont-innovate?utm_medium=paidsearch&utm_source=google&utm_campaign=domcontent&utm_term=Non-Brand&tpcc=paidsearch.google.dsacontent&gad=1&gclid=EAIaIQobChMI1dLN7czBggMVp0p_AB0vLwoQEAAYASAAEgL-z_D_BwE
[97]
Tabish, S. A. (2020). Covid-19 Pandemic: Emerging Perspectives and Future Trends. JournalofPublicHealthResearch,9, 19-26. https://doi.org/10.4081/jphr.2020.1786
[98]
Tamunomiebi, M. D., & John-Eke, E. C. (2020). Workplace Diversity: Emerging Issues in Contemporary Reviews. InternationalJournalofAcademicResearchinBusinessandSocialSciences,10, 255-265. https://doi.org/10.6007/ijarbss/v10-i2/6926
[99]
Triggs, A., & Kharas, H. (2020). The Triple Economic ShockofCOVID-19and Priorities foran Emergency G-20 Leaders Meeting. Brookings. https://www.brookings.edu/articles/the-triple-economic-shock-of-covid-19-and-priorities-for-an-emergency-g-20-leaders-meeting/
[100]
Turner, J. R. (2018). Literature Review. PerformanceImprovementQuarterly,31, 113-117. https://doi.org/10.1002/piq.21275
[101]
Ugochukwu, C. (2024). Transformational Leadership Style:Howto Inspire and Motivate. Simply Psychology. https://www.simplypsychology.org/what-is-transformational-leadership.html#
[102]
Vasiliki, A., Stergiani, K., Chatzoudes, D., & Chatzoglu, P. (2018). Resistance to Change: An Empirical Investigation of Its Antecedents. JournalofOrganizationalChangeManagement,31, 426-450. https://doi.org/10.1108/jocm-05-2017-0196
[103]
Walter, A. (2020). Organizational Agility: Ill-Defined and Somewhat Confusing? A Systematic Literature Review and Conceptualization. ManagementReviewQuarterly,71, 343-391. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11301-020-00186-6
[104]
Waters, R. D., & Bortree, D. S. (2012). Advancing Relationship Management Theory: Mapping the Continuum of Relationship Types. PublicRelationsReview,38, 123-127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2011.08.018
[105]
Wilcox, M. (2022). Howthe Pandemic Has Drastically Changed Business Transformation. Marks Sattin Gi Group Holding. https://www.markssattin.co.uk/general/2022-1/pandemic-drastically-changed-business-transformation
[106]
Ziakkas, D., Henneberry, D., & Del Cid Flores, A. (2023). Competency-BasedTrainingandAssessment(CBTA)FrameworkinGlobalAviationTraining. AHFE International. https://doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1003728