全部 标题 作者
关键词 摘要

OALib Journal期刊
ISSN: 2333-9721
费用:99美元

查看量下载量

相关文章

更多...

Time Definition Using the Extrinsic Universe: Expanding the Big Bang Theory

DOI: 10.4236/jhepgc.2025.111014, PP. 168-182

Keywords: Extrinsic Universe, Time: Origin and Nature, Cosmology: Universe Expansion, Dark Energy, and Dark Matter

Full-Text   Cite this paper   Add to My Lib

Abstract:

This paper aims to define the concept of time and justify its properties within the universal context, shedding new light on the nature of time. By employing the concept of the extrinsic universe, the paper explains the observable universe as the three-dimensional surface of a four-dimensional 3-sphere (hypersphere), expanding at the speed of light. This expansion process gives rise to what we perceive as time and its associated aspects, providing a novel interpretation of time as a geometric property emerging from the dynamics of the universe’s expansion. The work offers insights into how this extrinsic perspective can address phenomena such as the universe’s accelerated expansion and dark matter, aligning the model with current observational data.

References

[1]  Nunes Silva, Y. (2024) Foundations for the Extrinsic Universe: Expanding Big Bang Universe Model.
[2]  Planck Collaboration, et al. (2020) Planck 2018 Results. Astronomy & Astrophysics, 641, A6.
[3]  Misner, C.W., Thorne, K.S. and Wheeler, J.A. (1973) Gravitation. W. H. Freeman and Company.
[4]  O’Neill, B. (1973) Semi-Riemannian Geometry: With Applications to Relativity. Aca-demic Press.
[5]  Hawking, S.W. and Ellis, G.F.R. (1973) The Large Scale Structure of Space-Time. Cambridge University Press.
https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511524646
[6]  Schutz, B. (2009) A First Course in General Relativity. 2nd Edition, Cambridge University Press.
https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511984181
[7]  Allen, C.W. (1973) Astrophysical Quantities. 3rd Edition, Athlone Press.
[8]  Wald, R.M. (1984) General Relativity. University of Chicago Press.
https://doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226870373.001.0001
[9]  do Carmo, M.P. (1992) Riemannian Geometry. Birkhäuser.
[10]  Lee, J.M. (2018) Introduction to Riemannian Manifolds. 2nd Edition, Springer.
[11]  Weinberg, S. (2008) Cosmology. Oxford University Press.
[12]  Bertone, G., Hooper, D. and Silk, J. (2005) Particle Dark Matter: Evidence, Candidates and Constraints. Physics Reports, 405, 279-390.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physrep.2004.08.031
[13]  Trimble, V. (1987) Existence and Nature of Dark Matter in the Universe. Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics, 25, 425-472.
https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.astro.25.1.425
[14]  Rubin, V.C., Thonnard, N. and Ford, W.K.J. (1980) Rotational Properties of 21 SC Galaxies with a Large Range of Luminosities and Radii, from NGC 4605 (R = 4 Kpc) to UGC 2885 (R = 122 Kpc). The Astrophysical Journal, 238, 471-487.
https://doi.org/10.1086/158003
[15]  Sofue, Y. and Rubin, V. (2001) Rotation Curves of Spiral Galaxies. Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics, 39, 137-174.
https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.astro.39.1.137
[16]  Clowe, D., Bradač, M., Gonzalez, A.H., Markevitch, M., Randall, S.W., Jones, C., et al. (2006) A Direct Empirical Proof of the Existence of Dark Matter. The Astrophysical Journal, 648, L109-L113.
https://doi.org/10.1086/508162
[17]  Bartelmann, M. and Schneider, P. (2001) Weak Gravitational Lensing. Physics Reports, 340, 291-472.
https://doi.org/10.1016/s0370-1573(00)00082-x
[18]  Springel, V., White, S.D.M., Jenkins, A., Frenk, C.S., Yoshida, N., Gao, L., et al. (2005) Simulations of the Formation, Evolution and Clustering of Galaxies and Quasars. Nature, 435, 629-636.
https://doi.org/10.1038/nature03597
[19]  Davis, M., Efstathiou, G., Frenk, C.S. and White, S.D.M. (1985) The Evolution of Large-Scale Structure in a Universe Dominated by Cold Dark Matter. The Astrophysical Journal, 292, 371-394.
https://doi.org/10.1086/163168
[20]  Jungman, G., Kamionkowski, M. and Griest, K. (1996) Supersymmetric Dark Matter. Physics Reports, 267, 195-373.
https://doi.org/10.1016/0370-1573(95)00058-5
[21]  Bertone, G. and Tait, T.M.P. (2018) A New Era in the Search for Dark Matter. Nature, 562, 51-56.
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-018-0542-z
[22]  Planck Collaboration, et al. (2016) Planck 2015 Results. XIII. Cosmological Parameters. Astronomy & Astrophysics, 594, A13.
[23]  Freese, K. (2017) Status of Dark Matter in the Universe. International Journal of Modern Physics D, 26, Article ID: 1730012.
https://doi.org/10.1142/s0218271817300129
[24]  Garrett, K. and Duda, G. (2011) Dark Matter: A Primer. Advances in Astronomy, 2011, Article ID: 968283.
https://doi.org/10.1155/2011/968283
[25]  Hartle, J.B. (2003) Gravity: An Introduction to Einstein’s General Relativity. Addi-son-Wesley.
[26]  Rindler, W. (2006) Relativity: Special, General, and Cosmological. 2nd Edition, Oxford University Press.
[27]  Loney, S.L. (1895) Plane and Spherical Trigonometry. Cambridge University Press.
[28]  Todhunter, I. (1886) Spherical Trigonometry: For the Use of Colleges and Schools. Macmillan and Co. Disponível em domínio público, Project Gutenberg e Internet Archive.
[29]  Physics Today (2020) Analysis of the Dark Matter in Andromeda, Covering the Distribution of Mass and Flat Rotation Curve. American Institute of Physics.
[30]  ESA (2019) Data from the Gaia Mission and Studies on the Rotational Velocities in the Andromeda Galaxy. European Space Agency.
[31]  Sofue, Y., Honma, M. and Omodaka, T. (2009) Unified Rotation Curve of the Galaxy—Decomposition into De Vaucouleurs Bulge, Disk, Dark Halo, and the 9-Kpc Rotation Dip. Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan, 61, 227-236.
https://doi.org/10.1093/pasj/61.2.227
[32]  McMillan, P.J. (2011) Mass Models of the Milky Way. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 414, 2446-2457.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2966.2011.18564.x
[33]  Bland-Hawthorn, J. and Gerhard, O. (2016) The Galaxy in Context: Structural, Kinematic, and Integrated Properties. Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics, 54, 529-596.
https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-astro-081915-023441
[34]  Reid, M.J., Menten, K.M., Brunthaler, A., Zheng, X.W., Dame, T.M., Xu, Y., et al. (2014) Trigonometric Parallaxes of High Mass Star Forming Regions: The Structure and Kinematics of the Milky Way. The Astrophysical Journal, 783, Article No. 130.
https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637x/783/2/130
[35]  Kafle, P.R., Sharma, S., Lewis, G.F. and Bland-Hawthorn, J. (2012) Kinematics of the Stellar Halo and the Mass Distribution of the Milky Way Using Blue Horizontal Branch Stars. The Astrophysical Journal, 761, Article No. 98.
https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637x/761/2/98
[36]  University of California—Santa Cruz. Astronomers Find the Most Distant Stars in Our Galaxy Halfway to Andromeda. ScienceDaily, 2023.
https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2023/01/230109191622.htm
[37]  Center for Astrophysics|Harvard and Smithsonian (2023) The Most Distant Known Star in the Milky Way.
[38]  Karukes, E.V. and Salucci, P. (2014) Modeling the Mass Distribution in the Spiral Galaxy NGC 3198. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 566, Article ID: 012008.
https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/566/1/012008
[39]  Begeman, K.G., Sanders, R.H. and Van Albada, T.S. (2002) Mond Rotation Curves for Spiral Galaxies with Cepheid-Based Distances. Astronomy and Astrophysics, 395, 511-524.

Full-Text

Contact Us

service@oalib.com

QQ:3279437679

WhatsApp +8615387084133