基层乡村治理角度下对《南赣乡约》的再认识
A Re-Understanding of “The Rural Covenant of Southern Jiangxi” from the Perspective of Grassroots Rural Governance

赣南地区在历史上出现过一篇著名的与基层乡村治理紧密相关的文本规范，它就是明朝正德年间王阳明在巡抚赣南时颁布的《南赣乡约》。其本质上是王阳明基层乡村治理思想的具体外化，体现了明代儒家对于基层乡村治理的理解和思路。文章整体从基层乡村治理的几个关键要素——治理主体、治理思想、治理手段、治理目标——对《南赣乡约》重新进行考察，赣南地区特殊的地理位置、人文环境以及儒家乡约传统与王阳明心学思想的结合导致了《南赣乡约》在治理主体上注重动员的平等性和广泛性、在治理思想上注重道德劝导、在治理手段上着手移风易俗、在治理目标上注重“弥盗”和“教化”相结合。《南赣乡约》通过与“十家牌法”的密切配合，对处于民乱之后的赣南基层乡村社会起到了良好的善后功能，并对后世的赣南产生了深远影响。《南赣乡约》凝结了中国古代儒家对于赣南社会基层乡村治理的宝贵经验，理应以基层乡村治理角度对其进行重新认识。
In the history of the Southern Jiangxi region, a famous textual norm has emerged that is closely related to rural grassroots governance. It was “The Rural Covenant of Southern Jiangxi” promulgated by Wang Yangming when he served as the imperial inspector of Southern Jiangxi during the Zhengde period of the Ming Dynasty. Essentially, it was the specific externalization of Wang Yangming’s thoughts on rural grassroots governance, reflecting the understanding and ideas of the Confucian scholars in the Ming Dynasty regarding rural grassroots governance. This article re-examines “The Rural Covenant of Southern Jiangxi” from several key elements of rural grassroots governance, namely governance subjects, governance thoughts, governance means, and governance objectives. The combination of the special geographical location, humanistic environment of the Southern Jiangxi region, the Confucian tradition of rural covenants and Wang Yangming’s philosophy of the mind led to the fact that “The Rural Covenant of Southern Jiangxi” focused on the equality and extensiveness of mobilization in terms of governance subjects, emphasized moral persuasion in governance thoughts, set about changing social customs in governance means, and combined “eradicating banditry” with “enlightenment” in governance objectives. Through close cooperation with the “Ten Households’ Registration Method”, “The Rural Covenant of Southern Jiangxi” played a good role in dealing with the aftermath of the rural grassroots society in Southern Jiangxi after the civil unrest and had a profound impact on later generations in Southern Jiangxi. “The Rural Covenant of Southern Jiangxi” embodies the valuable experience of ancient Chinese Confucianism in the grassroots rural governance in southern Jiangxi. Therefore, it should be re-evaluated from the perspective of grassroots rural governance.