Quantum gravity is an attempt to resolve incompatibilities between general relativity and quantum theory. Primordialfieldtheory incorporates gravity and electrodynamics and has derived fermion mass gap, half integral spin, and fractional charges. This paper extends PFT to hadron physics with a “solenoidal flux”-based explanation of quark confinement differing significantly from Lattice QCD “color flux”-based construction. The theory is presented qualitatively and used to predict hadronic and nuclear properties. Electrodynamic-based analogies help yield numerical results far more intuitively than corresponding QCD results. The origins of QCD and PFT are discussed. A more quantitative description of hadron dynamics is in progress.
References
[1]
Armas, J. (2021) Conversations on Quantum Gravity. Cambridge University Press.
[2]
Klingman, E.E. (2021) The Primordial Principle of Self-Interaction. Journal of Modern Physics, 12, 65-81. https://doi.org/10.4236/jmp.2021.122007
[3]
Gover, A.R., Kopiński, J. and Waldron, A. (2024) Stress and Geometry for Isotropic Singularities. Physical Review Letters, 133, Article ID: 011401. https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.133.011401
[4]
Hayrapetyan, A. (2024) Tri-Jet Resonances in Proton-Proton Collisions at = 13 TeV. Physical Review Letters, 133, Article ID: 011801.
[5]
Kadan, S. (2024) Searches for Supersymmetry (SUSY) at the Large Hadron Collider. https://arxiv.org/pdf/2404.16922
[6]
Zee, A. (2003) Quantum Field Theory in a Nutshell. Princeton Univ. Press.
[7]
Feynman, R. (1995) Feynman Lectures on Gravitation. Westview Press.
[8]
Consa, O. (2021) Something Is Wrong in the State of QED. https://arxiv.org/pdf/2110.02078
[9]
Davies, C. (2005) Lattice QCD—A Guide for People Who Want Results.
[10]
Durr, S. (2009) Ab Initio Determination of Light Hadron Masses.
[11]
Bicudo, et al. (2018) Color Field Densities of Quark-Antiquark Excited Flux Tubes in Lattice QCD.
[12]
Hayashi, Y. and Tanizaki, Y. (2024) Unifying Monopole and Center Vortex as the Semiclassical Confinement Mechanism. Physical Review Letters, 133, Article ID: 171902. https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.133.171902
[13]
Hestenes, D. (1984) Geometric Calculus. https://dl.icdst.org/pdfs/files3/81425cd1cab12143a7b9140312f4f148.pdf
[14]
Heaviside, O (1893) A Gravitational and Electromagnetic Analogy. The Electrician, 31, 81-88.
Brodsky, S., et al. (2024) The Secret to the Strongest Force in the Universe. Scientific American, May 2024.
[18]
Smith, J. (2018) Rotational Energy as Mass in H3 + and Lower Limits on the Atomic Masses of D and 3He. Physical Review Letters, 120, Article ID: 143002.
[19]
Klingman, E.E. (2024) The Origin of Electric Charge in Quantum Gravity. Journal of Modern Physics, 15, 511-535. https://doi.org/10.4236/jmp.2024.154025
[20]
Klingman, E.E. (2022) Particle Creation from Yang-Mills Gravity. Journal of Modern Physics, 13, 1128-1145. https://doi.org/10.4236/jmp.2022.137065
[21]
Klingman, E.E. (2024) Calabi-Yau Topology of Primordial Fermions. Journal of Modern Physics, 15, 132-158. https://doi.org/10.4236/jmp.2024.151005
[22]
Gross, D.J. and Wilczek, F. (1973) Ultraviolet Behavior of Non-Abelian Gauge Theories. Physical Review Letters, 30, 1343-1346. https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.30.1343
[23]
Nambu, Y. (1976) The Confinement of Quarks. Scientific American, 235, 48-61. https://doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican1176-48
[24]
Xiong, C. (2013) QCD Flux Tubes and Anomaly Inflow. Physical Review D, 88, Article ID: 025042. https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevd.88.025042
[25]
Cea, P., Cosmai, L., Cuteri, F. and Papa, A. (2017) Flux Tubes in the QCD Vacuum. Physical Review D, 95, Article ID: 114511.
[26]
Chagdaa, S., Purev, B. and Galsandorj, E. (2021) Flux Tubes in Full QCD at High Temperature. Journal of Physics G: Nuclear and Particle Physics, 48, Article ID: 125001. https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6471/ac2679
[27]
Baker, et al. (2024) Unveiling the Flux Tube Structure in Full QCD. https://arxiv.org/pdf/2409.20168
[28]
Perdrisat, C., et al. (2007) Nucleon Electromagnetic Form Factors. https://arxiv.org/pdf/hep-ph/0612014
[29]
Miller, G.A. (2007) Charge Densities of the Neutron and Proton. Physical Review Letters, 99, Article ID: 112001. https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.99.112001
[30]
Atac, H., et al. (2021) Measurement of the Neutron Charge Radius and the Role of Its Constituents. Nature Communications, 12, Article No. 1759. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-021-22028-z
[31]
Subedi, R. (2008) Probing Cold Dense Nuclear Matter at BNL. http://www-nuclear.tau.ac.il/~eip/SRC/science-mag-report-1476.pdf
[32]
Klingman, E.E. (2023) Computational Physics of Mathematica and Geometric Calculus. Journal of Applied Mathematics and Physics, 11, 514-524. https://doi.org/10.4236/jamp.2023.112031
