塔里木盆地库车复杂地表区地震采集关键技术及应用
Key Technologies and Applications of Seismic Acquisition in the Complex Surface Area of Kuqa of Tarim Basin

由于地形剧烈起伏、近地表结构复杂、地表岩性复杂多变以及地下构造复杂等原因，塔里木盆地库车地区地震资料信噪比低，构造落实程度较低。地震资料采集是油气地震勘探的关键环节之一，采集资料的品质决定了地震勘探的效果。为了在塔里木盆地库车复杂山地区获得高质量的地震资料，近年来在该区开展了持续、深入的采集技术攻关，形成了适用于该区的一系列地震采集关键技术。该系列采集技术应用结果表明：1) 基于三维模型正演的观测系统优化技术，可以从偏移成像角度更加经济有效地论证不同观测系统的有效性，观测系统的炮道密度和接收线距是影响成像的关键因素；2) 通过将爆炸仿真方法引入到地震激发模拟分析之中，形成了基于激发仿真的激发参数优化技术，该技术可以有效模拟不同地表岩性参数、炸药参数、激发方式等对地震激发效果的影响；3) 采用空腔激发技术可以降低爆轰初始压力，延长爆轰冲击的持续时间，减少用于破碎岩石的能量，从而增加产生的弹性波的能量转化效率；4) 通过高精度表层模型正演及约束层析反演分析表明，库车山前戈壁区一定密度的超深微测井能够大幅改善静校正效果，超深微测井密度达到3口/12 km较为合适。综上认为，该系列技术的应用为库车地区获得高品质地震资料奠定了基础，保证了库车地区勘探开发取得持续性的突破。
Due to the dramatic topographic ups and downs, complex near-surface structure, complicated and variable surface lithology, and complex underground structure, the seismic data in the Kuqa area of the Tarim Basin has a low signal-to-noise ratio and a low degree of tectonic implementation. Seismic data acquisition is one of the key links in oil and gas seismic exploration, and the quality of the acquired data determines the effect of seismic exploration. In order to obtain high-quality seismic data in the complex mountainous area of Kuqa in the Tarim Basin, continuous and in-depth acquisition technology research has been carried out in this area in recent years, and a series of key seismic acquisition technologies applicable to this area have been formed. The results of the application of this series of acquisition techniques show that: 1) The optimization technique of observation system based on 3D model orthogonal evolution can prove the effectiveness of different observation systems more economically and efficiently from the perspective of offset imaging, and the channel density and receiving line distance of the observation system are the key factors affecting the imaging; 2) The excitation parameter optimization technique based on excitation simulation has been formed by introducing the explosion simulation method into seismic excitation simulation analysis, which can effectively simulate different ground surface data. This technique can effectively simulate the effects of different surface lithological parameters, explosive parameters, and excitation methods on the effect of seismic excitation; 3) The use of cavity excitation technology can reduce the initial pressure of the blast, prolong the duration of the blast impact, and reduce the energy used to break the rock, thus increasing the energy conversion efficiency of the generated elastic wave; 4) Through the high-precision