全部 标题 作者
关键词 摘要

OALib Journal期刊
ISSN: 2333-9721
费用：99美元
投递稿件

查看量下载量

相关文章

更多...

Isolated Systolic Hypertension in Geriatrics

DOI: 10.4236/ijcm.2025.161003, PP. 29-53

Keywords: Hypertension, Geriatric or Elderly or Adults, Types of Hypertension, Tests, First-Line Treatment, Drugs, Isolated Systolic Hypertension, Other Diseases

Full-Text   Cite this paper   Add to My Lib

Abstract:

Hypertension, often called the “silent killer”, is a major risk factor for heart attacks and strokes in the elderly. Its effective management is crucial to prevent damage to the heart, brain, and kidneys. Isolated systolic hypertension (ISH) is particularly critical in the elderly population. Cardiovascular risk factors, including pulse pressure and wave velocity, are closely associated with systolic blood pressure and influenced by arterial stiffness and wave reflections. Managing ISH is complex due to the potential negative effects of certain medications and individual variability in treatment response. This paper will address these issues, evaluating antihypertensive drugs, combination therapy, personalized treatment plans, and updated guidelines for managing ISH.

 References

[1]  Fuchs, F.D. and Whelton, P.K. (2020) High Blood Pressure and Cardiovascular Disease. Hypertension, 75, 285-292.
https://doi.org/10.1161/hypertensionaha.119.14240
[2]  Anisetti, B., Youssef, H., Elkhair, A.M. and Lin, M.P. (2023) Association between Within-Visit Blood Pressure Variability, Stroke, Coronary Heart Disease, and Cardiovascular Mortality. Neurologia i Neurochirurgia Polska, 57, 423-429.
https://doi.org/10.5603/pjnns.94839
[3]  Rios, F.J., Montezano, A.C., Camargo, L.L. and Touyz, R.M. (2023) Impact of Environmental Factors on Hypertension and Associated Cardiovascular Disease. Canadian Journal of Cardiology, 39, 1229-1243.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cjca.2023.07.002
[4]  Thomopoulos, C. (2023) Target Blood Pressure in Isolated Systolic Hypertension: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Outcome Trials. Journal of Hypertension, 41, 2113-2114.
https://doi.org/10.1097/hjh.0000000000003476
[5]  Angeli, F., Verdecchia, P., Masnaghetti, S., Vaudo, G. and Reboldi, G. (2020) Treatment Strategies for Isolated Systolic Hypertension in Elderly Patients. Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy, 21, 1713-1723.
https://doi.org/10.1080/14656566.2020.1781092
[6]  Sarnecki, J., Obrycki, Ł., Feber, J., Chełstowska, S., Jurkiewicz, E. and Litwin, M. (2022) Isolated Systolic Hypertension Is Associated with Increased Left Ventricular Mass Index and Aortic Stiffness in Adolescents: A Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Study. Journal of Hypertension, 40, 985-995.
https://doi.org/10.1097/hjh.0000000000003101
[7]  Espeche, W., Minetto, J., Stavile, N., Cerri, G., C Leiva, S., D, O., et al. (2024) Isolated Systolic Hypertension in Young Adults and Its Relationship with Ambulatory Blood Pressure Measurements. Archives of Clinical Hypertension, 10, 1-6.
https://doi.org/10.17352/ach.000034
[8]  Whelton, P.K. and Carey, R.M. (2018) The 2017 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Clinical Practice Guideline for High Blood Pressure in Adults. JAMA Cardiology, 3, 352-353.
https://doi.org/10.1001/jamacardio.2018.0005
[9]  Zethira, A.T., Hendrati, L., Diyanah, K., Pawitra, A., Jasmine, M., Syahputri, R., et al. (2024) Hypertension as a Silent Killer Disease: Education for at-Risk Communities in Pekuwon Village. Jurnal Layanan Masyarakat (Journal of Public Services), 8, 200-209.
https://doi.org/10.20473/jlm.v8i2.2024.200-209
[10]  Liao, X., Han, Y., Shen, C., Liu, J. and Wang, Y. (2023) Targeting the NLRP3 Inflammasome for the Treatment of Hypertensive Target Organ Damage: Role of Natural Products and Formulations. Phytotherapy Research, 37, 5622-5638.
https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.8009
[11]  Karunarathna, I., Kusumarathna, K., Jayathilaka, P. and Withanage, C. (2024) Comprehensive Management of Hypertension: Strategies, Guidelines, and Emerging Therapies. Uva Clinical Lab.
[12]  Widiarti, W., Saputra, P.B.T., Savitri, C.G., Putranto, J.N.E. and Alkaff, F.F. (2024) The Impact of Cardiovascular Drugs on Hyperglycemia and Diabetes: A Review of ‘Unspoken’ Side Effects. Hellenic Journal of Cardiology.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hjc.2024.09.007
[13]  Haider, R. (2023) Cardiovascular Risk Factors. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology Insights, 6, 77-87.
[14]  Strauss, M.H., Hall, A.S. and Narkiewicz, K. (2021) The Combination of Beta-Blockers and ACE Inhibitors across the Spectrum of Cardiovascular Diseases. Cardiovascular Drugs and Therapy, 37, 757-770.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10557-021-07248-1
[15]  Savage, P.J. (1998) Influence of Long-Term, Low-Dose, Diuretic-Based, Antihypertensive Therapy on Glucose, Lipid, Uric Acid, and Potassium Levels in Older Men and Women with Isolated Systolic Hypertension: The Systolic Hypertension in the Elderly Program. Archives of Internal Medicine, 158, 741-751.
https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.158.7.741
[16]  Tonkin, A. and Wing, L. (1996) Management of Isolated Systolic Hypertension. Drugs, 51, 738-749.
https://doi.org/10.2165/00003495-199651050-00003
[17]  Messerli, F.H., Williams, B. and Ritz, E. (2007) Essential Hypertension. The Lancet, 370, 591-603.
https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(07)61299-9
[18]  Staessen, J.A., Wang, J., Bianchi, G. and Birkenhäger, W.H. (2003) Essential Hypertension. The Lancet, 361, 1629-1641.
https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(03)13302-8
[19]  Carey, R.M. (2008) Pathophysiology of Primary Hypertension. In: Tuma, R.F., Durán, W.N. and Ley, K., Eds., Microcirculation, Academic Press, 794-895.
https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-374530-9.00020-6
[20]  Siddiqui, M.A., Mittal, P.K., Little, B.P., Miller, F.H., Akduman, E.I., Ali, K., et al. (2019) Secondary Hypertension and Complications: Diagnosis and Role of Imaging. RadioGraphics, 39, 1036-1055.
https://doi.org/10.1148/rg.2019180184
[21]  Ott, C. and Schmieder, R.E. (2022) Diagnosis and Treatment of Arterial Hypertension 2021. Kidney International, 101, 36-46.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.kint.2021.09.026
[22]  Hegde, S., Ahmed, I. and Aeddula, N. (2023) Secondary Hypertension. StatPearls.
[23]  Onusko, E. (2003) Diagnosing Secondary Hypertension. American Family Physician, 67, 67-74.
[24]  Pullalarevu, R., Akbar, G. and Teehan, G. (2014) Secondary Hypertension, Issues in Diagnosis and Treatment. Primary Care: Clinics in Office Practice, 41, 749-764.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pop.2014.08.001
[25]  Rubin, S., Cremer, A., Boulestreau, R., Rigothier, C., Kuntz, S. and Gosse, P. (2019) Malignant Hypertension: Diagnosis, Treatment and Prognosis with Experience from the Bordeaux Cohort. Journal of Hypertension, 37, 316-324.
https://doi.org/10.1097/hjh.0000000000001913
[26]  Sesoko, S. (1987) Predisposing Factors for the Development of Malignant Essential Hypertension. Archives of Internal Medicine, 147, 1721-1724.
https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.1987.00370100035007
[27]  Kincaid-Smith, P. (1991) Malignant Hypertension. Journal of Hypertension, 9, 893-900.
https://doi.org/10.1097/00004872-199110000-00002
[28]  Mancia, G. and Giannattasio, C. (2015) Diagnostic and Therapeutic Problems of Isolated Systolic Hypertension. Journal of Hypertension, 33, 33-43.
https://doi.org/10.1097/hjh.0000000000000424
[29]  Hozawa, A., Ohkubo, T., Nagai, K., Kikuya, M., Matsubara, M., Tsuji, I., et al. (2000) Prognosis of Isolated Systolic and Isolated Diastolic Hypertension as Assessed by Self-Measurement of Blood Pressure at Home: The Ohasama Study. Archives of Internal Medicine, 160, 3301-3306.
https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.160.21.3301
[30]  Staessen, J.A., Gasowski, J., Wang, J.G., Thijs, L., Hond, E.D., Boissel, J., et al. (2000) Risks of Untreated and Treated Isolated Systolic Hypertension in the Elderly: Meta-Analysis of Outcome Trials. The Lancet, 355, 865-872.
https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(99)07330-4
[31]  Kostis, J.B. (1997) Prevention of Heart Failure by Antihypertensive Drug Treatment in Older Persons with Isolated Systolic Hypertension. JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association, 278, 212-216.
https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.1997.03550030052033
[32]  Franklin, S.S., Thijs, L., Hansen, T.W., O’Brien, E. and Staessen, J.A. (2013) White-coat Hypertension: New Insights from Recent Studies. Hypertension, 62, 982-987.
https://doi.org/10.1161/hypertensionaha.113.01275
[33]  Huang, Y., Huang, W., Mai, W., Cai, X., An, D., Liu, Z., et al. (2017) White-Coat Hypertension Is a Risk Factor for Cardiovascular Diseases and Total Mortality. Journal of Hypertension, 35, 677-688.
https://doi.org/10.1097/hjh.0000000000001226
[34]  Celis, H. and Fagard, R.H. (2004) White-Coat Hypertension: A Clinical Review. European Journal of Internal Medicine, 15, 348-357.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejim.2004.08.001
[35]  Sarafidis, P.A. and Bakris, G.L. (2008) Resistant Hypertension: An Overview of Evaluation and Treatment. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 52, 1749-1757.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2008.08.036
[36]  Vongpatanasin, W. (2014) Resistant Hypertension: A Review of Diagnosis and Management. JAMA, 311, 2216-2224.
https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2014.5180
[37]  Myat, A., Redwood, S.R., Qureshi, A.C., Spertus, J.A. and Williams, B. (2012) Resistant Hypertension. BMJ, 345, e7473.
https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.e7473
[38]  Giles, T.D., Berk, B.C., Black, H.R., Cohn, J.N., Kostis, J.B., Izzo, J.L., et al. (2005) Expanding the Definition and Classification of Hypertension. The Journal of Clinical Hypertension, 7, 505-512.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1524-6175.2005.04769.x
[39]  Bell, E.T. and Pedersen, A.H. (1930) The Causes of Hypertension. Annals of Internal Medicine, 4, 227-237.
[40]  Muntner, P., Shimbo, D., Carey, R.M., Charleston, J.B., Gaillard, T., Misra, S., et al. (2019) Measurement of Blood Pressure in Humans: A Scientific Statement from the American Heart Association. Hypertension, 73, e35-e66.
https://doi.org/10.1161/hyp.0000000000000087
[41]  Hauspurg, A., Seely, E.W., Rich‐Edwards, J., Hayduchok, C., Bryan, S., Roche, A.T., et al. (2023) Postpartum Home Blood Pressure Monitoring and Lifestyle Intervention in Overweight and Obese Individuals the First Year after Gestational Hypertension or Pre‐Eclampsia: A Pilot Feasibility Trial. BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, 130, 715-726.
https://doi.org/10.1111/1471-0528.17381
[42]  Paiva, A.M.G., Gomes, M.I.C.M., Silva, É.A.A., Feitosa, A.D.M., Malachias, M.V.B., Sposito, A.C., et al. (2023) Should Arm Positioning Matter in the Diagnosis of Orthostatic Hypotension and Hypertension? Journal of Hypertension, 42, 186-188.
https://doi.org/10.1097/hjh.0000000000003571
[43]  Choi, J., Kang, Y., Park, J., Joung, Y. and Koo, C. (2023) Development of Real-Time Cuffless Blood Pressure Measurement Systems with ECG Electrodes and a Microphone Using Pulse Transit Time (PTT). Sensors, 23, Article 1684.
https://doi.org/10.3390/s23031684
[44]  Pickering, T.G. and Gerin, W. (1990) Cardiovascular Reactivity in the Laboratory and the Role of Behavioral Factors in Hypertension: A Critical Review. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 12, 3-16.
https://doi.org/10.1207/s15324796abm1201_1
[45]  Vakulenko, I.M., Ruznyaeva, D.S., Manukian, R.A., Makaeva, D.S.A., Ulisova, M.S., Mikheeva, A.A. and Gruzdova, O.G. (2024) An Integrated Approach to Managing Arterial Blood Pressure and Its Impact on Brain Health. Revista Latinoamericana de Hipertension, 19, 233-238.
[46]  Steijlen, A.S., Jansen, K.M., Albayrak, A., Verschure, D.O. and Van Wijk, D.F. (2018) A Novel 12-Lead Electrocardiographic System for Home Use: Development and Usability Testing. JMIR mHealth and uHealth, 6, e10126.
https://doi.org/10.2196/10126
[47]  White-Al Habeeb, N.M.A., Higgins, V., Wolska, A., Delaney, S.R., Remaley, A.T. and Beriault, D.R. (2023) The Present and Future of Lipid Testing in Cardiovascular Risk Assessment. Clinical Chemistry, 69, 456-469.
https://doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/hvad012
[48]  Oparil, S. (2003) Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHAT): Practical Implications. Hypertension, 41, 1006-1009.
https://doi.org/10.1161/01.hyp.0000070905.09395.f6
[49]  Morledge, J.H., Ettinger, B., Aranda, J., McBarron, F., Barra, P., Gorwit, J., et al. (1986) Isolated Systolic Hypertension in the Elderly: A Placebo‐Controlled, Dose‐Response Evaluation of Chlorthalidone. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 34, 199-206.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.1986.tb04203.x
[50]  Webster, I., Fowler, G., Jeffers, T., Lyons, D., Witte, K., Crichton, W., et al. (1993) A Comparison of Amlodipine with Enalapril in the Treatment of Isolated Systolic Hypertension. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 35, 499-505.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2125.1993.tb04176.x
[51]  Narvaez, E.D., D’Souza, K. and Rivera, V. (2019) Common Chronic Conditions. In: Chun, A., Ed., Geriatric Practice, Springer International Publishing, 139-155.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-19625-7_11
[52]  Gangaram, R., Ojwang, P.J., Moodley, J. and Maharaj, D. (2005) The Accuracy of Urine Dipsticks as a Screening Test for Proteinuria in Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy. Hypertension in Pregnancy, 24, 117-123.
https://doi.org/10.1081/prg-200059849
[53]  Volpe, M. (2007) Microalbuminuria Screening in Patients with Hypertension: Recommendations for Clinical Practice. International Journal of Clinical Practice, 62, 97-108.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1742-1241.2007.01620.x
[54]  O’Rourke, M.F. and Hashimoto, J. (2007) Mechanical Factors in Arterial Aging. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 50, 1-13.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2006.12.050
[55]  Kakaletsis, N., Protogerou, A.D., Kotsis, V., Vemmos, K., Korompoki, E., Kollias, A., et al. (2024) Advanced Vascular Aging and Outcomes after Acute Ischemic Stroke: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Journal of Human Hypertension, 38, 676-686.
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41371-024-00961-y
[56]  Davis, B.R., Langford, H.G., Blaufox, M.D., Curb, J.D., Polk, B.F. and Shulman, N.B. (1987) The Association of Postural Changes in Systolic Blood Pressure and Mortality in Persons with Hypertension: The Hypertension Detection and Follow-Up Program Experience. Circulation, 75, 340-346.
https://doi.org/10.1161/01.cir.75.2.340
[57]  Kario, K., Eguchi, K., Hoshide, S., Hoshide, Y., Umeda, Y., Mitsuhashi, T., et al. (2002) U-Curve Relationship between Orthostatic Blood Pressure Change and Silent Cerebrovascular Disease in Elderly Hypertensives: Orthostatic Hypertension as a New Cardiovascular Risk Factor. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 40, 133-141.
https://doi.org/10.1016/s0735-1097(02)01923-x
[58]  Algharably, E.A., Meinert, F., Januszewicz, A. and Kreutz, R. (2024) Understanding the Impact of Alcohol on Blood Pressure and Hypertension: From Moderate to Excessive Drinking. Kardiologia Polska, 82, 10-18.
https://doi.org/10.33963/v.kp.98704
[59]  Wacika, D.N.G.S., Permatananda, P.A.N.K. and Suyasa, E.A. (2024) Relationship between Physical Activity and Hypertension in Adults in the Working Area of Puskesmas Tampaksiring I. Qanun Medika-Medical Journal Faculty of Medicine Muhammadiyah Surabaya, 8, 79-86.
https://doi.org/10.30651/jqm.v8i01.18840
[60]  Katsi, V., Manta, E., Fragoulis, C. and Tsioufis, K. (2024) Weight Loss Therapies and Hypertension Benefits. Biomedicines, 12, Article 2293.
https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines12102293
[61]  Kusko, D.A., Blake, J. and Williams, R. (2023) A Narrative Review of the Effects of Mindfulness on Sleep and Hypertension. Current Hypertension Reports, 26, 91-97.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11906-023-01279-9
[62]  Tan, J.L. and Thakur, K. (2023) Systolic Hypertension. StatPearls Publishing.
[63]  Gasowski, J., Staessen, J., Celis, H., Fagard, R., Thijs, L., Birkenhäger, W., et al. (1999) Systolic Hypertension in Europe (Syst-Eur) Trial Phase 2: Objectives, Protocol, and Initial Progress. Journal of Human Hypertension, 13, 135-145.
https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.jhh.1000769
[64]  Morales-Olivas, F.J. (2024) Diuretics Use in the Management of Hypertension. Hipertensión y Riesgo Vascular, 41, 186-193.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hipert.2024.03.004
[65]  Wing, L.M., Russell, A.E., Tonkin, A.L., Bune, A.J., West, M.J. and Chalmers, J.P. (1994) Felodipine, Metoprolol and Their Combination Compared with Placebo in Isolated Systolic Hypertension in the Elderly. Blood Pressure, 3, 82-89.
https://doi.org/10.3109/08037059409101526
[66]  Giles, T.D. (1990) Treatment of Isolated Systolic Hypertension with Labetalol in the Elderly. Archives of Internal Medicine, 150, 974-976.
https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.1990.00390170036009
[67]  Applegate, W.B. (1994) Impact of the Treatment of Isolated Systolic Hypertension on Behavioral Variables: Results from the Systolic Hypertension in the Elderly Program. Archives of Internal Medicine, 154, 2154-2160.
https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.1994.00420190047006
[68]  Foody, J.M., Benner, J.S. and Frishman, W. (2007) Adherence. The Journal of Clinical Hypertension, 9, 271-275.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1524-6175.2007.06475.x

Full-Text

Contact Us

service@oalib.com

QQ:3279437679

WhatsApp +8615387084133