Hydrocephalus is a medical condition caused by an abnormal cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) buildup in the brain’s ventricles. This excess fluid causes the ventricles to enlarge, increasing pressure within the brain. CSF typically flows through the ventricles and around the spinal column, bathing the brain. However, the increased pressure from excess CSF associated with hydrocephalus can damage brain tissue and lead to various problems with cognitive function. While it can occur at any age, hydrocephalus is the most common in infants and adults over 60. It has been a subject of fascination for physicians throughout history due to its striking presentation. Two main types of hydrocephalus exist: obstructive (noncommunicating) and communicating. A blockage in the CSF flow causes obstructive hydrocephalus, while communicating hydrocephalus occurs when the body’s ability to absorb CSF is impaired. The review delves into the intricacies of hydrocephalus, exploring its causes, symptoms, and pathophysiology. The latest research on the topic has been examined, including innovative treatment approaches and ongoing challenges in managing this complex condition.
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